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放疗是乳腺癌治疗的重要组成部分,可降低乳腺癌保乳术后患者的局部复发率和病死率[1-2]。迄今为止,随着放疗技术的进步,三维适形放疗、旋转容积调强放疗及调强适形放疗(intensity modulated radiation therapy,IMRT)成为放疗技术的主流,IMRT在乳腺癌放疗过程中的使用显著增多,在很大程度上改善和提高了放疗的质量,可降低其对心脏、肺等重要脏器的辐射剂量,实现了对肿瘤的精准放疗[3]。但IMRT对摆位的精确度要求较高,系统摆位误差的微小变化,可导致靶区剂量分布的不均匀性增大,因此,摆位误差可能会导致放疗剂量超过危及器官的耐受量[4]。乳腺的形状特殊,活动度大,呼吸运动、手臂上举情况和治疗次数的增加等因素均可影响摆位误差,还可能导致靶点错位[5-7],造成部分靶区剂量不足,降低肿瘤的局部控制率,从而导致严重的并发症或后遗症[8]。模拟定位是保证治疗体位准确和可重复的重要环节[4],因此需要特定的定位方式以提高肿瘤定位的准确性。研究人员已经证明乳腺癌保乳术后采用基于体膜联合开窗定位方式的大分割放疗方案具有一定的可行性,可明显减轻急性放射性皮肤反应,同时并未增加明显的放疗不良反应[9]。本研究通过进一步比较乳腺癌患者保乳术后采用乳腺托架定位与热塑体膜双重标记联合开窗技术定位的放疗摆位误差及放射性皮肤反应,以期选出更好的定位方式,提高摆位精确度。
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所有患者均按计划完成放疗及摆位验证。83例患者共进行415次CBCT验证,其中体膜组210次,乳腺托架组205次。
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由表1可知,体膜组在左右(X轴)、头脚(Y轴)、腹背(Z轴)方向的摆位误差均明显小于乳腺托架组,且差异均有统计学意义(t=2.98、2.63、2.49,均P<0.05)。
组别 X轴 Y轴 Z轴 体膜组(n=42) 2.14±0.19 2.49±0.15 2.41±0.22 乳腺托架组(n=41) 2.96±0.20 3.05±0.16 3.14±0.19 t值 2.98 2.63 2.49 P值 <0.05 0.01 0.02 注:体膜组采用热塑体膜双重标记联合开窗技术定位;乳腺托架组采用乳腺托架定位 表 1 2组乳腺癌患者放疗定位的摆位误差比较(
,mm)$\bar x\pm s $ Table 1. Comparison of the positioning error of radiotherapy positioning in two groups of breast cancer patients (
, mm)$\bar x\pm s $ -
由表2可知,当摆位误差≤3 mm时,在X、Z轴方向上,2组的摆位误差分布比例相近,且差异均无统计学意义(χ2=2.28、3.33,P=0.13、0.07);在Y轴方向上,体膜组的摆位误差分布比例高于乳腺托架组,差异有统计学意义(χ2=7.23,P=0.01);体膜组在摆位误差≤3 mm中的分布比例更高,故体膜组的摆位误差优于乳腺托架组。摆位误差>5 mm时,在X、Y、Z轴方向上,体膜组的摆位误差分布比例均低于乳腺托架组,且差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。当摆位误差在3~5 mm时,2组在各方向的摆位误差分布比例差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。
组别 X轴(mm) Y轴(mm) Z轴(mm) ≤3 3~5 >5 ≤3 3~5 >5 ≤3 3~5 >5 体膜组(n=42) 165(78.57) 37(17.62) 8(3.81) 130(72.20) 42(19.02) 38(8.78) 145(69.05) 42(20.00) 23(10.95) 乳腺托架组(n=41) 148(72.20) 39(19.02) 18(8.78) 100(48.78) 37(18.05) 68(33.17) 124(60.49) 30(14.63) 51(24.88) χ2值 2.28 0.14 4.37 7.23 0.26 12.40 3.33 2.28 13.73 P值 0.13 0.71 0.04 0.01 0.61 <0.05 0.07 0.13 <0.05 注:体膜组采用热塑体膜双重标记联合开窗技术定位;乳腺托架组采用乳腺托架定位 表 2 2组乳腺癌放疗患者在不同方向和区间的摆位误差分布比例比较[次(%)]
Table 2. Comparison of the proportion of setup error distribution in different directions and intervals between two groups of breast cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy [times (%)]
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所有患者均未发生3~4级放射性皮肤反应。2组患者急性放射性皮肤反应发生率的差异有统计学意义(χ2=4.39,P=0.04);2组患者的晚期放射性皮肤反应发生率的差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.24,P=0.63)(表3)。
组别 急性放射性皮肤反应 晚期放射性皮肤反应 0级 1级 2级 总发生率(%) 0级 1级 2级 总发生率(%) 体膜组(n=42) 29 11 2 30.95 40 2 0 4.76 乳腺托架组(n=41) 19 18 4 53.66 38 3 0 7.32 χ2值 4.39 0.24 P值 0.04 0.63 注:体膜组采用热塑体膜双重标记联合开窗技术定位;乳腺托架组采用乳腺托架定位 表 3 2组乳腺癌患者放疗后的皮肤不良反应比较(例)
Table 3. Comparison of skin adverse reactions after radiotherapy in two groups of breast cancer patients (cases)
热塑体膜双重标记联合开窗技术定位在乳腺癌保乳术后放疗中的应用价值
Application value of thermoplastic membrane double labeling combined with fenestration technology in post-breast conserving radiotherapy for breast cancer
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摘要:
目的 比较乳腺癌患者保乳术后采用乳腺托架定位与基于热塑体膜双重标记联合开窗技术定位方式的放疗摆位误差及放射性皮肤反应,对热塑体膜双重标记联合开窗技术定位方法的可行性进行研究。 方法 回顾性分析2019年1月至2020年12月郑州大学第五附属医院收治的83例乳腺癌保乳术后女性患者的临床资料,年龄(47.5±10.1)岁。根据定位方式将患者分为乳腺托架组(41例)和体膜组(42例),2组患者在放疗前通过直线加速器在机载锥形束 CT(CBCT)下进行摆位验证。根据美国肿瘤放射治疗协作组制定的标准评估入组患者的急性和晚期放射性皮肤反应。摆位误差的组间比较采用t检验;计数资料的组间比较采用χ2检验。 结果 体膜组在左右(X轴)[(2.14±0.19) mm对(2.96±0.20) mm]、头脚(Y轴)[(2.49±0.15) mm对(3.05±0.16) mm]、腹背(Z轴)[(2.41±0.22) mm对(3.14±0.19) mm]方向的摆位误差明显小于乳腺托架组(t=2.98、2.63、2.49,均P<0.05);且在摆位误差≤3 mm时,Y轴方向体膜组分布比例高于乳腺托架组(72.20%对48.78%,χ2=7.23,P=0.01);在摆位误差>5 mm时,X轴(3.81%对8.78%)、Y轴(8.78%对33.17%)、Z轴(10.95%对24.88%)方向体膜组分布比例均低于乳腺托架组(χ2=4.37、12.40、13.73,均P<0.05);2组患者急性放射性皮肤反应发生率(30.95%对53.66%)的差异有统计学意义(χ2=4.39,P=0.04)。 结论 基于热塑体膜双重标记联合开窗技术定位方式减小了摆位误差、减轻了急性放射性皮肤反应,具有较好的稳定性和重复性,更安全可靠,且操作简捷。 Abstract:Objective To compare the radiotherapy positioning error and radiation skin response of post-breast conserving radiotherapy patients with breast cancer using breast bracket positioning and thermoplastic membrane double labeling combined with fenestration technology. The feasibility of the positioning method based on thermoplastic-membrane double labeling combined with fenestration technology was also explored. Methods The clinical data of 83 female patients post-breast conserving radiotherapy for breast cancer after breast-conserving surgery at the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from January 2019 to December 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were aged (47.5±10.1) years. According to the positioning method, they were divided into breast-bracket group (41 cases) and body-membrane group (42 cases). Two groups of patients underwent positioning verification using a linear accelerator under airborne cone-beam CT before radiotherapy. Evaluated the acute and late radiation skin reactions in enrolled patients according to the standards established by the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group of United States. Intergroup comparison of the positioning error was conducted using the t-test, and intergroup comparison of the counting data was conducted using the chi-square test. Results Positioning errors in the left and right (X-axis) [(2.14±0.19) mm vs. (2.96±0.20) mm], head and foot (Y-axis) [(2.49±0.15) mm vs. (3.05±0.16) mm], and abdominal back (Z-axis)[(2.41±0.22) mm vs. (3.14±0.19) mm] directions of the body-membrane group were significantly lower than those of the breast-bracket group (t=2.98, 2.63, and 2.49, respectively; all P<0.05). When the positioning error was ≤3 mm, the distribution proportion of the body-membrane group in the Y-axis direction was higher than that of the breast-bracket group (72.20% vs. 48.78%; χ2=7.23, P=0.01), when the positioning error was >5 mm, the distribution proportion of body membrane in the X-axis(3.81% vs. 8.78%), Y-axis (8.78% vs. 33.17%), and Z-axis (10.95% vs. 24.88%) groups was lower than that of the breast-bracket group (χ2=4.37, 12.40, and 13.73, respectively; all P<0.05). The incidence of acute radiation skin reaction was significantly different between the two groups (30.95% vs. 53.66%; χ2=4.39, P=0.04). Conclusions The thermoplastic membrane double labeling combined with fenestration technology reduces the positioning error and alleviates acute radioactive skin reaction. It also has better stability and repeatability, is safer and more reliable, and is easy to operate. -
表 1 2组乳腺癌患者放疗定位的摆位误差比较(
,mm)$\bar x\pm s $ Table 1. Comparison of the positioning error of radiotherapy positioning in two groups of breast cancer patients (
, mm)$\bar x\pm s $ 组别 X轴 Y轴 Z轴 体膜组(n=42) 2.14±0.19 2.49±0.15 2.41±0.22 乳腺托架组(n=41) 2.96±0.20 3.05±0.16 3.14±0.19 t值 2.98 2.63 2.49 P值 <0.05 0.01 0.02 注:体膜组采用热塑体膜双重标记联合开窗技术定位;乳腺托架组采用乳腺托架定位 表 2 2组乳腺癌放疗患者在不同方向和区间的摆位误差分布比例比较[次(%)]
Table 2. Comparison of the proportion of setup error distribution in different directions and intervals between two groups of breast cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy [times (%)]
组别 X轴(mm) Y轴(mm) Z轴(mm) ≤3 3~5 >5 ≤3 3~5 >5 ≤3 3~5 >5 体膜组(n=42) 165(78.57) 37(17.62) 8(3.81) 130(72.20) 42(19.02) 38(8.78) 145(69.05) 42(20.00) 23(10.95) 乳腺托架组(n=41) 148(72.20) 39(19.02) 18(8.78) 100(48.78) 37(18.05) 68(33.17) 124(60.49) 30(14.63) 51(24.88) χ2值 2.28 0.14 4.37 7.23 0.26 12.40 3.33 2.28 13.73 P值 0.13 0.71 0.04 0.01 0.61 <0.05 0.07 0.13 <0.05 注:体膜组采用热塑体膜双重标记联合开窗技术定位;乳腺托架组采用乳腺托架定位 表 3 2组乳腺癌患者放疗后的皮肤不良反应比较(例)
Table 3. Comparison of skin adverse reactions after radiotherapy in two groups of breast cancer patients (cases)
组别 急性放射性皮肤反应 晚期放射性皮肤反应 0级 1级 2级 总发生率(%) 0级 1级 2级 总发生率(%) 体膜组(n=42) 29 11 2 30.95 40 2 0 4.76 乳腺托架组(n=41) 19 18 4 53.66 38 3 0 7.32 χ2值 4.39 0.24 P值 0.04 0.63 注:体膜组采用热塑体膜双重标记联合开窗技术定位;乳腺托架组采用乳腺托架定位 -
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