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食管癌是我国发病率排名第6位的常见肿瘤[1],其年发病患者数达25万例,是我国病死率排名第4位的肿瘤,每年约19万例患者因其死亡[2]。对于伴有锁骨上淋巴结转移的患者,根治性同步放化疗是其标准治疗方法[3-4]。对于胸中段食管癌伴有锁骨上淋巴结转移的患者,照射野通常较长,需要包括纵隔及锁骨上区。临床上常用的胸腹平板对体部的固定效果较好,而对锁骨上区的固定效果较差。同时,由于双侧手臂摆放位置的不同,进一步增大了肩锁关节的移动幅度。因此,既保证体部摆位准确,又尽量减小肩锁关节的移动幅度和摆位误差,是提高放疗精准度、减轻放疗不良反应的关键。目前,根据食管癌原发部位的不同,临床上对食管癌患者主要采用胸腹平架或颈胸一体架2种固定方式,而这2种体位固定方式孰优孰劣还不得而知。本研究通过比较不同放疗体位固定方式的摆位误差,为需要行锁骨上下区放疗的胸中段食管癌患者临床固定装置的选择提供依据。
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胸腹平架上举固定组、胸腹平架体侧固定组、颈胸一体架体侧固定组分别共行208、195和195次锥形束CT扫描,共获得598组图像数据,3组不同放疗体位固定方式的胸中段食管癌患者的平移摆位误差和旋转摆位误差见表1。由表1可知,颈胸一体架体侧固定组在X、Y、Z方向的平移摆位误差均小于另外2组,除与胸腹平架体侧固定组在Y方向的平移摆位误差的差异无统计学意义(t=0.85,P>0.05)外,其余差异均有统计学意义(t=−9.85~5.89,均P<0.05);胸腹平架体侧固定组在矢状面、横断面、冠状面的旋转摆位误差均小于另外2组,与颈胸一体架体侧固定组相比,除胸腹平架体侧固定组在冠状面的旋转摆位误差的差异无统计学意义(t=−0.95,P>0.05)外,胸腹平架上举固定组和胸腹平架体侧固定组在其他方向的旋转摆位误差的差异均有统计学意义(t=−3.02~14.92,均P<0.05)。
组别 X方向(cm) Y方向(cm) Z方向(cm) 矢状面(°) 横断面(°) 冠状面(°) 胸腹平架上举固定组(n=24) 0.19±0.15a 0.30±0.24a 0.20±0.14a 0.81±0.63a 1.02±0.67a 0.77±0.66a 胸腹平架体侧固定组(n=25) 0.16±0.15a 0.27±0.22 0.17±0.18a 0.55±0.56a 0.92±0.71a 0.45±0.52 颈胸一体架体侧固定组(n=24) 0.14±0.14 0.21±0.20 0.16±0.17 0.66±0.68 1.10±1.04 0.61±0.60 注:X方向为左右方向;Y方向为头脚方向;Z方向为腹背方向。a表示与颈胸一体架体侧固定组相比,差异均有统计学意义(t=−9.85~14.92,均P<0.05) 表 1 3组不同放疗体位固定方式的胸中段食管癌患者的平移摆位误差和旋转摆位误差(
)$\bar x \pm s $ Table 1. Translational and rotational set-up errors of three groups with different radiotherapy immobilization methods for mid-thoracic esophageal cancer patients (
)$\bar x \pm s $ -
3组患者在X、Y、Z方向上的平移摆位误差和在矢状面、横断面、冠状面的旋转摆位误差的区间分布情况见表2和表3。由表2、3可知,胸腹平架上举固定组、胸腹平架体侧固定组和颈胸一体架体侧固定组在X、Y、Z方向的平移摆位误差≤2 mm的百分比分别为 61.06%、61.03%和62.56%,38.94%、28.72%和54.87%,50.48%、55.38%和73.33%;在矢状面、横断面、冠状面的旋转摆位误差≤1°的百分比分别为65.87%、72.82%和76.41%,59.13%、55.00%和62.44%,68.27%、80.00%和80.51%。
组别 X方向 Y方向 Z方向 >4 mm ≤4 mm且>2 mm ≤2 mm >4 mm ≤4 mm且>2 mm ≤2 mm >4 mm ≤4 mm且>2 mm ≤2 mm 胸腹平架上举固定组 (n=24) 10.10 28.85 61.06 5.64 33.33 61.03 4.62 32.82 62.56 胸腹平架体侧固定组 (n=25) 31.25 29.81 38.94 29.23 42.05 28.72 16.92 28.21 54.87 颈胸一体架体侧固定组 (n=24) 16.83 32.69 50.48 10.77 33.85 55.38 8.21 18.46 73.33 注:X方向为左右方向;Y方向为头脚方向;Z方向为腹背方向 表 2 3组不同放疗体位固定方式的胸中段食管癌患者不同区间平移摆位误差的百分比(%)
Table 2. Comparison of the translational set-up errors percentages of three groups with different radiotherapy immobilization methods for mid-thoracic esophageal cancer patients (%)
组别 矢状面 横断面 冠状面 >2° ≤2°且>1° ≤1° >2° ≤2°且>1° ≤1° >2° ≤2°且>1° ≤1° 胸腹平架上举固定组 (n=24) 7.69 26.44 65.87 5.64 21.54 72.82 1.03 22.56 76.41 胸腹平架体侧固定组 (n=25) 11.54 29.33 59.13 13.72 31.28 55.00 10.38 27.18 62.44 颈胸一体架体侧固定组 (n=24) 2.88 28.85 68.27 3.08 16.92 80.00 1.03 18.46 80.51 表 3 3组不同放疗体位固定方式的胸中段食管癌患者不同区间旋转摆位误差的百分比(%)
Table 3. Comparison of the rotational set-up errors percentages of three groups with different radiotherapy immobilization methods for mid-thoracic esophageal cancer patients (%)
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3组患者肩锁关节位置移动幅度和三维空间位移见表4。由表4可知,胸腹平架上举固定组与颈胸一体架体侧固定组的肩锁关节位置移动幅度ΔY的差异有统计学意义(Z=−2.16,P=0.030);胸腹平架体侧固定组与颈胸一体架体侧固定组的肩锁关节位置移动幅度ΔZ和三维空间位移d的差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.001)。
组别 位置移动幅度(cm) 三维空间位移d(cm) ΔX ΔY ΔZ 胸腹平架上举固定组(n=24) 0.10±0.13 0.11±0.11a 0.10±0.14 0.24±0.17 胸腹平架体侧固定组(n=25) 0.10±0.09 0.13±0.13 0.18±0.15a 0.28±0.16a 颈胸一体架体侧固定组(n=24) 0.09±0.08 0.13±0.11 0.12±0.10 0.23±0.13 注:a表示与颈胸一体架体侧固定组相比,差异均有统计学意义(Z=−2.16、−4.19、−3.63,P=0.030、<0.001、<0.001) 表 4 3组不同放疗体位固定方式的胸中段食管癌患者的肩锁关节位置移动幅度和三维空间位移(
)$\bar x \pm s $ Table 4. Comparison of the movement amplitude and three-dimensional spatial displacement of the acromioclavicular joint of three groups with different radiotherapy immobilization methods for mid-thoracic esophageal cancer patients (
)$\bar x \pm s $
不同放疗体位固定方式在胸中段食管癌中摆位误差的比较研究
Comparative study of the set-up errors of different radiotherapy immobilization methods for mid-thoracic esophageal cancer patients
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摘要:
目的 比较胸中段食管癌采用3种不同放疗体位固定方式的摆位误差,分析不同放疗体位固定方式对锁骨上下区摆位误差的影响。 方法 回顾性分析2019年11月至2021年11月在中国医学科学院北京协和医学院肿瘤医院行调强放疗的73例食管癌患者的临床资料,其中男性56例、女性17例,中位年龄63.6(36.5~85.3)岁。73例患者分别采用3种不同的放疗体位固定方式:胸腹平架上举固定(双手交叉置于额头)组24例、胸腹平架体侧固定(双手置于体侧)组25例和颈胸一体架体侧固定(双手置于体侧)组24例。第1周行锥形束CT 5次,后续每周1次。记录配准前后区域内的左右(X)方向、头脚(Y)方向和腹背(Z)方向的平移摆位误差,测量3种不同放疗体位固定方式的肩锁关节平移摆位误差并分别计算肩锁关节的位置移动幅度ΔX、ΔY、ΔZ和三维空间位移d。组间两两比较采用独立样本t检验或Wilcoxon秩和检验。 结果 胸腹平架上举固定组、胸腹平架体侧固定组、颈胸一体架体侧固定组分别共行208、195和195次锥形束CT扫描,3组的平移摆位误差分别为X方向:(0.19±0.15)、(0.16±0.15)、(0.14±0.14) cm;Y方向:(0.30±0.24)、(0.27±0.22)、(0.21±0.20) cm;Z方向:(0.20±0.14)、(0.17±0.18)、(0.16±0.17) cm。颈胸一体架体侧固定组在3个方向上的平移摆位误差均小于另外2组,除与胸腹平架体侧固定组在Y方向的平移摆位误差的差异无统计学意义(t=0.85,P>0.05)外,其余差异均有统计学意义(t=−9.85~5.89,均P<0.05)。3组的肩锁关节的三维空间位移d分别为(0.24±0.17)、(0.28±0.16)、(0.23±0.13) cm。胸腹平架上举固定组与颈胸一体架体侧固定组的肩锁关节的位置移动幅度ΔY的差异有统计学意义[(0.11±0.11) cm对(0.13±0.11) cm,Z=−2.16,P<0.05];胸腹平架体侧固定组与颈胸一体架体侧固定组的肩锁关节的位置移动幅度ΔZ [(0.18±0.15) cm对(0.12±0.10) cm, Z=−4.19,P<0.001]和肩锁关节的三维空间位移d [(0.28±0.16) cm对(0.23±0.13) cm, Z=−3.63,P<0.001]的差异均有统计学意义。 结论 对于需要行锁骨上下区放疗的胸中段食管癌患者,采用颈胸一体架体侧固定方式在平移摆位误差和肩锁关节的三维空间位移上明显优于胸腹平架固定方式,可以有效提高锁骨上下区的治疗精准度。 Abstract:Objective To compare the set-up errors of mid-thoracic esophageal cancer treated with three different radiotherapy immobilization methods and to analyze its influence on the set-up errors of the supraclavicular and infraclavicular region. Methods A total of 73 mid-thoracic esophageal cancer patients with supraclavicular lymph node metastasis treated from November 2019 to November 2021 at the Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College were retrospectively reviewed. The sample included 56 males and 17 females, with a median age of 63.6 (36.5−85.3) years. Of these, 24 patients were fixed with a thoracoabdominal flat frame, with both hands crossed on the forehead and 25 had both of their hands placed on the sides of their bodies. In addition, 24 patients were fixed with integrated cervicothoracic immobilization devices with both their hands on the sides of their bodies. Cone beam CT (CBCT) scans were performed once a day at the first five workdays and once a week in the following treatment time. Translational set-up errors in the (X direction) left and right, (Y direction) cranial and caudal, (Z direction) ventral and dorsal directions within the compared target volumes were recorded. The translational set-up error of the three modes of immobilization were compared, and the amplitudes of movement and the three-dimensional spatial displacement of the acromioclavicular joint were measured. Independent sample t-test or Wilcoxon rank sum test were employed to analyze the error values between groups. Results A total of 208, 195, and 195 CBCT scans were performed in the thoracoabdominal flat frame elevation, the thoracoabdominal flat frame side, and the integrated cervicothoracic immobilization device side groups, respectively. The translational set-up errors of the three groups were recorded for the left and right directions: (0.19±0.15), (0.16±0.15), and (0.14±0.14) cm; the cranial and caudal directions: (0.30±0.24), (0.27±0.22), and (0.21±0.20) cm; and the ventral and dorsal directions: (0.20±0.14), (0.17±0.18), and (0.16±0.17) cm, respectively. The translational set-up errors in the three directions of the integrated cervicothoracic immobilization device side group were better than those of the other two groups. Compared with the integrated cervicothoracic immobilization device side group, all the setup errors showed significant statistical differences (t=−9.85 to 5.89; all P<0.05), except for the thoracoabdominal flat frame side group in the Y direction (t=0.85, P>0.05). The three-dimensional displacement d values of the acromioclavicular joint in the three groups were (0.24±0.17), (0.28±0.16), and (0.23±0.13) cm, respectively. The difference of ΔY between thoracoabdominal flat frame elevation group and integrated cervicothoracic immobilization device side group was statistically significant ((0.11±0.11) cm vs. (0.13±0.11) cm, Z=−2.16, P<0.05). There were also significant differences in ΔZ ((0.18±0.15) cm vs. (0.12±0.10) cm, Z=−4.19, P<0.001) and the three-dimensional spatial displacement d values of the acromioclavicular joint ((0.28±0.16) cm vs. (0.23±0.13) cm, Z=−3.63, P<0.001) between the thoracoabdominal flat frame side and the integrated cervicothoracic immobilization device side groups. Conclusion For mid-thoracic esophageal cancer patients with irradiated supraclavicular and infraclavicular region, shoulder immobilization using integrated cervicothoracic immobilization devices is better in translational set-up errors and three-dimensional spatial displacement of the acromioclavicular joint than thoracoabdominal flat frame, as it can effectively improve the accuracy of a radiotherapy plan. -
表 1 3组不同放疗体位固定方式的胸中段食管癌患者的平移摆位误差和旋转摆位误差(
)$\bar x \pm s $ Table 1. Translational and rotational set-up errors of three groups with different radiotherapy immobilization methods for mid-thoracic esophageal cancer patients (
)$\bar x \pm s $ 组别 X方向(cm) Y方向(cm) Z方向(cm) 矢状面(°) 横断面(°) 冠状面(°) 胸腹平架上举固定组(n=24) 0.19±0.15a 0.30±0.24a 0.20±0.14a 0.81±0.63a 1.02±0.67a 0.77±0.66a 胸腹平架体侧固定组(n=25) 0.16±0.15a 0.27±0.22 0.17±0.18a 0.55±0.56a 0.92±0.71a 0.45±0.52 颈胸一体架体侧固定组(n=24) 0.14±0.14 0.21±0.20 0.16±0.17 0.66±0.68 1.10±1.04 0.61±0.60 注:X方向为左右方向;Y方向为头脚方向;Z方向为腹背方向。a表示与颈胸一体架体侧固定组相比,差异均有统计学意义(t=−9.85~14.92,均P<0.05) 表 2 3组不同放疗体位固定方式的胸中段食管癌患者不同区间平移摆位误差的百分比(%)
Table 2. Comparison of the translational set-up errors percentages of three groups with different radiotherapy immobilization methods for mid-thoracic esophageal cancer patients (%)
组别 X方向 Y方向 Z方向 >4 mm ≤4 mm且>2 mm ≤2 mm >4 mm ≤4 mm且>2 mm ≤2 mm >4 mm ≤4 mm且>2 mm ≤2 mm 胸腹平架上举固定组 (n=24) 10.10 28.85 61.06 5.64 33.33 61.03 4.62 32.82 62.56 胸腹平架体侧固定组 (n=25) 31.25 29.81 38.94 29.23 42.05 28.72 16.92 28.21 54.87 颈胸一体架体侧固定组 (n=24) 16.83 32.69 50.48 10.77 33.85 55.38 8.21 18.46 73.33 注:X方向为左右方向;Y方向为头脚方向;Z方向为腹背方向 表 3 3组不同放疗体位固定方式的胸中段食管癌患者不同区间旋转摆位误差的百分比(%)
Table 3. Comparison of the rotational set-up errors percentages of three groups with different radiotherapy immobilization methods for mid-thoracic esophageal cancer patients (%)
组别 矢状面 横断面 冠状面 >2° ≤2°且>1° ≤1° >2° ≤2°且>1° ≤1° >2° ≤2°且>1° ≤1° 胸腹平架上举固定组 (n=24) 7.69 26.44 65.87 5.64 21.54 72.82 1.03 22.56 76.41 胸腹平架体侧固定组 (n=25) 11.54 29.33 59.13 13.72 31.28 55.00 10.38 27.18 62.44 颈胸一体架体侧固定组 (n=24) 2.88 28.85 68.27 3.08 16.92 80.00 1.03 18.46 80.51 表 4 3组不同放疗体位固定方式的胸中段食管癌患者的肩锁关节位置移动幅度和三维空间位移(
)$\bar x \pm s $ Table 4. Comparison of the movement amplitude and three-dimensional spatial displacement of the acromioclavicular joint of three groups with different radiotherapy immobilization methods for mid-thoracic esophageal cancer patients (
)$\bar x \pm s $ 组别 位置移动幅度(cm) 三维空间位移d(cm) ΔX ΔY ΔZ 胸腹平架上举固定组(n=24) 0.10±0.13 0.11±0.11a 0.10±0.14 0.24±0.17 胸腹平架体侧固定组(n=25) 0.10±0.09 0.13±0.13 0.18±0.15a 0.28±0.16a 颈胸一体架体侧固定组(n=24) 0.09±0.08 0.13±0.11 0.12±0.10 0.23±0.13 注:a表示与颈胸一体架体侧固定组相比,差异均有统计学意义(Z=−2.16、−4.19、−3.63,P=0.030、<0.001、<0.001) -
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