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肺癌是全球性公共卫生问题。2020年全球癌症统计数据显示,肺癌的发病率仅次于乳腺癌,居于第2位,然而其病死率居于第1位[1]。近年来,随着肺癌基因组学的不断发展,肺癌的治疗取得了实质性进展,但是对早期肺癌的筛查、管理、治疗等仍未达到共识[2]。早期肺腺癌以磨玻璃样密度为主,高分辨率CT(high resolution CT,HRCT)可对其进行薄层扫描及多平面重建,具有良好的灵敏度和特异度[3]。多种肺癌相关免疫组织化学(immunohistochemistry,IHC)检查指标的表达对评估肺癌的发生、发展及生物学行为有一定的价值,其临床组织病理学特征与肺腺癌的病理分期、分化程度、指导预后、辅助诊断和治疗等息息相关。目前未见同时检测多种IHC蛋白表达与肺磨玻璃结节(ground-glass nodule,GGN)影像特征相关性的报道,因此,本研究旨在探讨肺GGN的HRCT影像特征与IHC检查指标的相关性,为临床医师早期诊断肺GGN及评估其浸润性提供参考。
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图1分别列举了3组中3例肺GGN患者的HRCT影像特征和组织病理学检查图。组间单因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,除了空泡征(F=5.758,P=0.218),其余影像特征(GGN长径、分叶征、毛刺征、胸膜牵拉征、瘤-肺边界、微血管穿行征、空气支气管征)在3组间的差异均有统计学意义(F=8.952~82.901,均P<0.05)(表1)。
组别 GGN长径
(mm)分叶征(例,%) 毛刺征(例,%) 胸膜牵拉征(例,%) 瘤-肺边界(例,%) 微血管穿行征(例,%) 空泡征(例,%) 空气支气管征(例,%) 无 有 无 有 无 有 无 有 无 有 无 有 无 有 PI组(n=35) 5.03±1.52 34(97.1) 1(2.9) 32(91.4) 3(8.6) 35(100) 0 29(82.9) 6(17.1) 9(25.7) 26(74.3) 30(85.7) 5(14.3) 35(100) 0 MIA组(n=46) 7.80±2.01 40(86.9) 6(13.1) 42(91.3) 4(8.7) 27(58.7) 19(41.3) 24(52.1) 22(47.9) 8(17.4) 38(82.6) 31(67.4) 15(32.6) 39(84.8) 7(15.2) IA组(n=63) 11.76±3.10 22(34.9) 41(65.1) 20(31.7) 43(68.3) 20(31.7) 43(68.3) 11(17.5) 52(82.5) 3(4.8) 60(95.2) 44(69.8) 19(30.2) 47(74.6) 16(25.4) F值 82.901 51.722 55.560 42.837 40.607 8.952 5.758 10.842 P值 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.011 0.218 0.004 注:GGN为磨玻璃结节;PI为浸润前病变;MIA为微浸润性腺癌;IA为浸润性腺癌 表 1 3组肺GGN患者的单因素Logistic回归分析结果
Table 1. Results of univariate Logistics regression analysis among three groups of patients with pulmonary ground-glass nodules
图 1 3例肺GGN患者(女性,55岁、42岁;男性,39岁)的高分辨率CT横断面图(A、C、E)及组织病理学检查图(B、D、F)(苏木精-伊红染色,×400)
Figure 1. High resolution CT transverse images (A, C, E) and histopathological examination images (B, D, F) of 3 patients (female, 55 years old, 42 years old; male, 39 years old) with pulmonary ground-glass nodules
3组肺GGN患者多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,模型的-2对数拟然值为130.685,拟合自由度为18(χ2=177.47,P<0.05),所建模型有效且只有GGN长径可作为评估3组肺GGN浸润性的独立危险因素(B=0.628、0.894、−0.265,均P<0.05)(表2)。模型Ⅰ、模型Ⅱ、模型Ⅲ ROC曲线的AUC分别为0.870、0.860、0.976,灵敏度分别为85.7%、84.8%、85.7%,特异度分别为73.9%、79.4%、98.4%,最佳诊断临界值分别为6.5、10.0、6.5。当GGN长径<6 mm时,倾向于PI;当6 mm≤GGN长径≤10 mm时,倾向于MIA;当GGN长径>10 mm时,倾向于IA(图2)。
变量类别 变量设定 模型Ⅰ 模型Ⅱ 模型Ⅲ B值 OR值 P值 B值 OR值 P值 B值 OR值 P值 GGN长径 0.628 1.874 0.003 0.894 2.444 <0.001 −0.265 0.767 0.020 分叶征 无 −0.947 0.388 0.473 −2.850 0.058 0.047 1.903 6.708 0.009 有 0 1 − 0 1 − 0 − − 毛刺征 无 1.499 4.476 0.191 −1.335 0.263 0.259 2.834 17.016 <0.001 有 0 1 − 0 1 − 0 − − 胸膜牵拉征 无 −18.994 5.635×10−8 0.994 −18.961 5.826×10−9 0.994 −0.033 0.967 0.961 有 0 1 − 0 1 − 0 − − 瘤-肺边界 无 −0.893 0.410 0.225 −2.720 0.066 0.004 1.827 6.216 0.011 有 0 1 − 0 1 − 0 − − 微血管穿刺征 无 −0.243 0.784 0.784 −1.516 0.220 0.255 1.273 3.571 0.233 有 0 1 − 0 1 − 0 − − 空气支气管征 无 −16.080 1.039×10−7 <0.001 −15.835 1.327×10−7 <0.001 −0.244 0.783 0.805 有 0 1 − 0 1 − 0 − − 注:GGN为磨玻璃结节;OR为优势比;模型Ⅰ为微浸润性腺癌,参考组为浸润前病变;模型Ⅱ为浸润性腺癌,参考组为浸润前病变;模型Ⅲ为微浸润性腺癌,参考组为浸润性腺癌;−表示无此项数据 表 2 3组肺GGN患者的多因素Logistic回归分析结果
Table 2. Results of multivariate Logistic regression analysis in three groups of patients with pulmonary ground-glass nodules
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以肺GGN浸润的程度为状态变量,IHC检查指标为检验变量进行ROC分析(图3),结果显示,Ki-67、p53和VEGF对肺GGN浸润程度具有较高的预测价值,其AUC分别为0.760、0.773和0.829,灵敏度分别为69.8%、66.7%和76.2%,特异度分别为76.5%、81.5和75.3%,其他IHC检查指标对应的AUC均<0.700。因此,Ki-67、p53和VEGF对IA有着较高的诊断价值,其最佳诊断临界值分别为3.9、3.8和3.9。
图 3 免疫组织化学检查指标评估肺GGN浸润程度的受试者工作特征曲线
Figure 3. Receiver operator characteristic curves of immunohistochemical examination indexes for evaluating the invasion degree of pulmonary ground-glass nodules
以最佳诊断临界值区分VEGF、p53及Ki-67表达水平的高低,并分析HRCT影像特征与VEGF、p53及Ki-67表达水平的相关性,由表3可知,GGN长径>10 mm、分叶征、毛刺征、胸膜牵拉征、瘤-肺边界与VEGF、p53、Ki-67的高表达水平具有相关性(χ2=13.582~41.351,均P<0.05);微血管穿行征与Ki-67的高表达水平具有相关性,而与VEGF、p53的低表达水平具有相关性(χ2=15.111、15.644、16.121,均P<0.05);空泡征、空气支气管阳性与Ki-67、p53及VEGF的表达水平均无相关性(χ2=4.825~24.651,均P>0.05)。
指标 表达水平 GGN长径 分叶征 毛刺征 胸膜牵拉征 瘤-肺边界 微血管穿行征 空泡征 空气支气管征 ≤10 mm >10 mm 有 无 有 无 有 无 有 无 有 无 有 无 有 无 VEGF 低表达(n=86) 55 31 18 68 19 67 25 61 37 49 66 20 17 20 9 77 高表达(n=58) 17 41 30 28 31 27 37 21 43 15 58 0 22 0 14 44 χ2值 16.629 14.781 15.025 17.034 13.582 15.644 5.787 4.825 P值 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.065 0.272 p53 低表达(n=85) 61 24 11 74 12 73 18 67 30 55 65 20 10 75 6 79 高表达(n=59) 11 48 37 22 38 21 44 15 50 9 59 0 29 30 17 42 χ2值 39.309 38.821 38.858 40.505 34.493 16.121 24.651 12.281 P值 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.102 0.150 Ki-67 低表达(n=79) 56 23 12 67 12 67 15 64 28 51 60 19 11 68 6 73 高表达(n=65) 16 49 36 29 38 27 47 18 52 13 64 1 28 37 17 48 χ2值 30.539 25.926 29.459 41.351 28.672 15.111 15.347 9.152 P值 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.081 0.170 注:CT为计算机体层摄影术;VEGF为血管内皮生长因子;p53为抑癌基因53;Ki-67为细胞增殖核抗原;GGN为磨玻璃结节 表 3 高分辨率CT影像特征与VEGF、p53和Ki-67表达水平的相关性(例)
Table 3. Correlation between high resolution CT images features and expression level of vascular endothelial growth factor, p53 and Ki-67 (case)
肺磨玻璃结节高分辨率CT影像特征及其与血管内皮生长因子、Ki-67、p53的相关性研究
High resolution CT imaging features of pulmonary ground-glass nodules and their correlation with vascular endothelial growth factor, Ki-67, p53
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摘要:
目的 探讨肺磨玻璃结节(GGN)高分辨率CT(HRCT)影像特征及其与免疫组织化学(IHC)检查指标的相关性,评估其对临床的应用价值。 方法 回顾性分析2019年1月至2020年5月于南方医科大学顺德医院(佛山市顺德区第一人民医院)经手术和组织病理学检查结果确诊的144例肺GGN患者的临床资料,其中男性46例、女性98例,年龄28~80(51.9±11.9)岁。所有患者均行手术及IHC检查,根据2021年世界卫生组织肺肿瘤组织新分类方法,将144例肺GGN患者分为浸润前病变(PI)、微浸润性腺癌(MIA)和浸润性腺癌(IA)3组,比较3组肺GGN患者HRCT影像特征的差异及其与IHC检查指标的相关性。影像特征的组间比较采用方差分析或χ2检验。采用单因素及多因素Logistic回归模型分析影响因素及建立预测模型,并绘制受试者工作特征曲线,获得最佳诊断临界值。采用χ2检验分析HRCT影像特征与IHC检查指标表达水平的相关性。 结果 单因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,GGN长径、分叶征、毛刺征、胸膜牵拉征、瘤-肺边界、微血管穿行征、空气支气管征在3组间的差异均有统计学意义(F=8.952~82.901,均P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,GGN长径是评估肺GGN浸润性的独立危险因素。当GGN长径<6 mm时倾向于PI;当6 mm≤GGN长径≤10 mm时倾向于MIA;当GGN长径>10 mm时倾向于IA。IHC检查结果显示,血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、p53、细胞增殖核抗原(Ki-67)对肺GGN浸润程度的预测价值较高,曲线下面积分别为0.829、0.773、0.760。相关性分析结果显示,GGN长径>10 mm、分叶征、毛刺征、胸膜牵拉征、瘤-肺边界与VEGF、p53、Ki-67的高表达水平具有相关性(χ2=13.582~41.351,均P<0.05);微血管穿行征与Ki-67的高表达和VEGF、p53的低表达水平具有相关性(χ2=15.111、15.644、16.121,均P<0.05)。 结论 GGN长径是评估肺GGN浸润性的独立危险因素,具有较好的诊断效能。肺GGN的HRCT影像特征与Ki-67、p53和VEGF表达水平具有相关性,将肺GGN的HRCT影像特征和IHC检查指标综合分析可以有效评估组织病理学分型、肿瘤细胞的增殖活性及浸润程度,为临床对肺GGN患者的管理及选择合适的治疗方案提供有价值的参考。 -
关键词:
- 肺腺癌 /
- 磨玻璃结节 /
- 体层摄影术,X线计算机 /
- 免疫组织化学
Abstract:Objective To investigate the high resolution CT (HRCT) imaging features of pulmonary ground-glass nodules (GGN) and their correlation with immunohistochemical (IHC) examination indexes and evaluate their clinical value. Methods The clinical data of 144 patients with pulmonary GGN diagnosed by surgery and histopathological examination in Shunde Hospital of Southern Medical University (the First People's Hospital of Shunde) from January 2019 to May 2020 were retrospectively analyzed, including 46 males and 98 females, aged 28–80 (51.9±11.9) years old. All patients underwent surgery and IHC. Based on the new classification of lung tumor tissue by the World Health Organization in 2021, 144 patients with pulmonary GGN were divided into three groups: pre-invasive lesion (PI), microinvasive adenocarcinoma (MIA), and invasive adenocarcinoma (IA). The differences in HRCT imaging features of the three groups of pulmonary GGN patients and their correlation with IHC examination indexes were compared. The image features were compared between groups by analysis of variance or χ2 test. Univariate and multivariate Logistic regression models were used to analyze the influencing factors and establish a prediction model. In addition, the receiver operator characteristic curves were drawn to obtain the best diagnostic cut-off value. χ2 test was used to analyze the correlation between HRCT image features and the expression level of IHC examination indexes. Results Results of univariate Logistic regression analysis showed that the GGN diameter, lobulation, spiculation, pleural traction sign, tumor-lung boundary, microvascular perforation sign and air bronchial sign were significantly different among the three groups (F=8.952–82.901, all P<0.05). Meanwhile, the results of multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that the GGN diameter was an independent risk factor for the evaluation of pulmonary GGN infiltration. It tended to PI when the GGN diameter was <6 mm, MIA when the GGN diameter was 6 mm≤GGN diameter≤10 mm, and IA when the GGN diameter was >10 mm. Results of IHC showed that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), p53, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (Ki-67) had high predictive values in predicting the degree of pulmonary GGN infiltration, with area under curves of 0.829, 0.773, and 0.760, respectively. Moreover, results of correlation analysis showed that patients with GGN diameter of >10 mm, lobulation, spiculation, and pleural traction sign as well as tumor-lung boundary were correlated with the expression of VEGF, p53, Ki-67 (χ2=13.582–41.351, all P<0.05). Microvascular perforation sign was correlated with the high expression level of Ki-67, and the low expression level of VEGF and p53 (χ2=15.111, 15.644, 16.121; all P<0.05). Conclusions GGN diameter was an independent risk factor for the evaluation of pulmonary GGN infiltration and has good diagnostic efficacy. The HRCT imaging features of the pulmonary GGN were correlated with the expression levels of Ki-67, p53, and VEGF. The comprehensive analysis of HRCT imaging features and IHC examination indexes of pulmonary GGN can evaluate the histopathological classification, proliferative activity, and infiltration of tumor cells, as well as provide valuable references for clinical management and selection of appropriate treatment for patients with pulmonary GGN. -
表 1 3组肺GGN患者的单因素Logistic回归分析结果
Table 1. Results of univariate Logistics regression analysis among three groups of patients with pulmonary ground-glass nodules
组别 GGN长径
(mm)分叶征(例,%) 毛刺征(例,%) 胸膜牵拉征(例,%) 瘤-肺边界(例,%) 微血管穿行征(例,%) 空泡征(例,%) 空气支气管征(例,%) 无 有 无 有 无 有 无 有 无 有 无 有 无 有 PI组(n=35) 5.03±1.52 34(97.1) 1(2.9) 32(91.4) 3(8.6) 35(100) 0 29(82.9) 6(17.1) 9(25.7) 26(74.3) 30(85.7) 5(14.3) 35(100) 0 MIA组(n=46) 7.80±2.01 40(86.9) 6(13.1) 42(91.3) 4(8.7) 27(58.7) 19(41.3) 24(52.1) 22(47.9) 8(17.4) 38(82.6) 31(67.4) 15(32.6) 39(84.8) 7(15.2) IA组(n=63) 11.76±3.10 22(34.9) 41(65.1) 20(31.7) 43(68.3) 20(31.7) 43(68.3) 11(17.5) 52(82.5) 3(4.8) 60(95.2) 44(69.8) 19(30.2) 47(74.6) 16(25.4) F值 82.901 51.722 55.560 42.837 40.607 8.952 5.758 10.842 P值 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.011 0.218 0.004 注:GGN为磨玻璃结节;PI为浸润前病变;MIA为微浸润性腺癌;IA为浸润性腺癌 表 2 3组肺GGN患者的多因素Logistic回归分析结果
Table 2. Results of multivariate Logistic regression analysis in three groups of patients with pulmonary ground-glass nodules
变量类别 变量设定 模型Ⅰ 模型Ⅱ 模型Ⅲ B值 OR值 P值 B值 OR值 P值 B值 OR值 P值 GGN长径 0.628 1.874 0.003 0.894 2.444 <0.001 −0.265 0.767 0.020 分叶征 无 −0.947 0.388 0.473 −2.850 0.058 0.047 1.903 6.708 0.009 有 0 1 − 0 1 − 0 − − 毛刺征 无 1.499 4.476 0.191 −1.335 0.263 0.259 2.834 17.016 <0.001 有 0 1 − 0 1 − 0 − − 胸膜牵拉征 无 −18.994 5.635×10−8 0.994 −18.961 5.826×10−9 0.994 −0.033 0.967 0.961 有 0 1 − 0 1 − 0 − − 瘤-肺边界 无 −0.893 0.410 0.225 −2.720 0.066 0.004 1.827 6.216 0.011 有 0 1 − 0 1 − 0 − − 微血管穿刺征 无 −0.243 0.784 0.784 −1.516 0.220 0.255 1.273 3.571 0.233 有 0 1 − 0 1 − 0 − − 空气支气管征 无 −16.080 1.039×10−7 <0.001 −15.835 1.327×10−7 <0.001 −0.244 0.783 0.805 有 0 1 − 0 1 − 0 − − 注:GGN为磨玻璃结节;OR为优势比;模型Ⅰ为微浸润性腺癌,参考组为浸润前病变;模型Ⅱ为浸润性腺癌,参考组为浸润前病变;模型Ⅲ为微浸润性腺癌,参考组为浸润性腺癌;−表示无此项数据 表 3 高分辨率CT影像特征与VEGF、p53和Ki-67表达水平的相关性(例)
Table 3. Correlation between high resolution CT images features and expression level of vascular endothelial growth factor, p53 and Ki-67 (case)
指标 表达水平 GGN长径 分叶征 毛刺征 胸膜牵拉征 瘤-肺边界 微血管穿行征 空泡征 空气支气管征 ≤10 mm >10 mm 有 无 有 无 有 无 有 无 有 无 有 无 有 无 VEGF 低表达(n=86) 55 31 18 68 19 67 25 61 37 49 66 20 17 20 9 77 高表达(n=58) 17 41 30 28 31 27 37 21 43 15 58 0 22 0 14 44 χ2值 16.629 14.781 15.025 17.034 13.582 15.644 5.787 4.825 P值 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.065 0.272 p53 低表达(n=85) 61 24 11 74 12 73 18 67 30 55 65 20 10 75 6 79 高表达(n=59) 11 48 37 22 38 21 44 15 50 9 59 0 29 30 17 42 χ2值 39.309 38.821 38.858 40.505 34.493 16.121 24.651 12.281 P值 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.102 0.150 Ki-67 低表达(n=79) 56 23 12 67 12 67 15 64 28 51 60 19 11 68 6 73 高表达(n=65) 16 49 36 29 38 27 47 18 52 13 64 1 28 37 17 48 χ2值 30.539 25.926 29.459 41.351 28.672 15.111 15.347 9.152 P值 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.081 0.170 注:CT为计算机体层摄影术;VEGF为血管内皮生长因子;p53为抑癌基因53;Ki-67为细胞增殖核抗原;GGN为磨玻璃结节 -
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