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癌症具有发病率高、致死率高等特点,已成为威胁全球人类生命健康的重大疾病之一。据WHO报道,2012年全球报告了1 400多万癌症新病例和800多万癌症导致的死亡病例,预计从2007年到2030年,每年癌症导致的死亡病例将增加45 %[1-2]。目前对于癌症的治疗,最常用的方法是手术、化疗和放疗等。其中,放疗作为一种局部治疗方法,可利用电离辐射对肿瘤细胞造成直接或间接损伤[3]。直接损伤是指电离辐射直接破坏DNA分子造成肿瘤细胞死亡;间接损伤是指电离辐射通过辐解机体内的水分子,产生大量活性氧自由基(reactive oxygenspecies,ROS),进而杀伤肿瘤细胞。约70%的癌症患者在治疗过程中需要辅助采用放疗,约40%的癌症可以通过放疗根治[4-5]。放疗在肿瘤治疗中的作用和地位日益突出,已成为治疗恶性肿瘤的主要手段之一。但是,放疗本身存在的一些缺陷会影响其疗效,限制其长期应用,主要包括对正常组织的伤害而造成的机体不良反应、肿瘤乏氧环境造成的放疗抵抗和机体本身存在的抗氧化剂对ROS的清除(如肿瘤细胞中的谷胱甘肽水平是正常细胞中的4倍,其可能清除大量的ROS,降低放疗的疗效)[6-7]。因此,纳米材料介导的新型放疗增敏剂应运而生。放疗增敏剂的应用可以增强肿瘤对电离辐射的敏感性,在提高放疗疗效的同时,减少对机体正常组织的损伤。本文就无机纳米材料介导的肿瘤放疗增敏的研究进展进行综述。
无机纳米材料介导的肿瘤放疗增敏的研究进展
Research progress on inorganic nanomaterial-mediated tumor radiosensitization
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摘要: 放疗作为一种肿瘤治疗手段,可通过电离辐射对肿瘤细胞造成直接或间接的损伤,但电离辐射对正常组织的损伤和肿瘤的放疗抵抗等问题会影响放疗的疗效。肿瘤放疗增敏是近年来的研究热点,其旨在增强肿瘤对放疗的敏感性,从而克服放疗的缺陷,提高放疗的疗效。无机纳米材料介导的肿瘤放疗增敏主要通过增加细胞内的辐射能量沉积、催化产生活性氧自由基和调控肿瘤微环境等方式提高放疗的疗效。笔者就无机纳米材料介导的肿瘤放疗增敏的研究进展进行综述。Abstract: Radiotherapy, as a method for tumor treatment, refers to the utilization of ionizing radiation to cause direct or indirect damage to tumor cells. However, the effect of radiotherapy is limited because of the normal tissue damage and tumor radiation resistance of tumor cells. Tumor radiosensitization is a research hotspot in recent years, which aims to increase the sensitivity of tumors to radiotherapy, overcome the defects of radiotherapy and improve the efficacy of radiotherapy. Inorganic nanomaterial-mediated tumor radiosensitization can improve radiotherapy efficacy mainly by increasing intracellular radiation energy deposition, catalyzing the generation of reactive oxygen species and regulating the tumor microenvironment. This article reviews the research progress on inorganic nanomaterial-mediated tumor radiosensitization.
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Key words:
- Radiotherapy /
- Neoplasms /
- Radiosensitization /
- Inorganic nanomaterials
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