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甲状腺癌是头颈部最常见的恶性肿瘤,近年来发病率骤增,新增病例中超过50%为肿瘤长径≤10 mm的甲状腺微小乳头状癌(papillary thyroid microcarcinoma,PTMC)[1]。PTMC早期易发生中央区淋巴结转移(central lymph node metastasis,CLNM),转移率高达17.8%~54.1%[2],淋巴结转移是PTMC临床局部复发的重要危险因素[3]。但是,对于cN0期PTMC患者是否需要行预防性中央区淋巴结清扫(prophylactic central lymph node dissection,p-CND)仍存在争议。p-CND可导致患者喉返神经损伤、永久性甲状旁腺功能减退等并发症的风险大大增加,从而导致患者终生的生活质量下降。由于中央区淋巴结的位置较深,超声对其的诊断灵敏度仅为23%~38%[4],故提高影像学检查评估CLNM的准确率有助于外科医师为患者制定合理的手术方案并进行预后评估。目前,大多数研究以测量中央区淋巴结的双能量CT定量参数来预测CLNM[5-7],但通过PTMC原发灶的双能量CT定量参数联合形态学征象评估CLNM的研究报道甚少。本研究旨在分析cN0期PTMC原发灶的双能量CT碘图定量参数和形态学征象与CLNM的关系,探讨2者联合诊断对CLNM的预测价值。
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165例PTMC患者中有79例发生CLNM,其中男性32例、女性47例,年龄22~69(44.9 ±13.3)岁,即为CLNM组;有86例患者未发生CLNM,其中男性19例、女性67例,年龄24~67(50.4± 14.1)岁,即为无CLNM组。
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由表1可知,2组患者在多发病灶、病灶长径、形态不规则、甲状腺边缘接触间的差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.01),而在微钙化、增强扫描后边界模糊间的差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。典型原发灶的形态学征象见图1A、B。
组别 多发病灶 病灶长径 微钙化 增强扫描后边界模糊 形态不规则 甲状腺边缘接触 有 无 ≤5 mm >5 mm 有 无 有 无 有 无 有 无 CLNM组(n=79) 49 30 28 51 26 53 21 58 46 33 52 27 无CLNM组(n=86) 32 54 49 37 23 63 29 57 32 54 33 53 χ2值 10.146 7.671 0.750 0.994 7.298 12.422 P值 0.001 0.006 0.386 0.319 0.007 <0.001 注:CT为计算机体层摄影术;CLNM为中央区淋巴结转移 表 1 165例甲状腺微小乳头状癌患者原发灶CT形态学征象的比较(例)
Table 1. Comparison of CT morphological features of primary lesions in 165 patients with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (case)
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由表2可知,2组患者原发灶动、静脉期的IC、CT值间的差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05);而CLNM组患者原发灶动、静脉期的NIC和NCT值均高于无CLNM组,且差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.01)。PTMC患者病灶动脉期IC、CT值的测量见图1C、D,双能量CT碘图见图1E~G。
组别 IC(mg/ml) NIC CT值(HU) NCT值 动脉期 静脉期 动脉期 静脉期 动脉期 静脉期 动脉期 静脉期 CLNM组(n=79) 3.78±0.88 3.29±1.15 0.36±0.02 0.70±0.11 94.42±36.23 60.06±21.57 0.43±0.06 0.81±0.08 无CLNM组(n=86) 3.59±0.93 2.98±0.86 0.32±0.03 0.59±0.10 85.04±34.08 57.82±18.49 0.37±0.07 0.75±0.12 t值 1.362 1.890 8.301 6.241 1.713 0.718 5.592 4.248 P值 0.175 0.610 <0.01 <0.01 0.089 0.474 <0.01 <0.01 注:CT为计算机体层摄影术;CLNM为中央区淋巴结转移;IC为碘浓度;NIC为标准化碘浓度;NCT值为标准化CT值 表 2 165例甲状腺微小乳头状癌患者原发灶动、静脉期双能量CT碘图定量参数的比较(
)$ \bar x \pm s $ Table 2. Comparison of quantitative parameters of dual-energy CT iodine map of primary lesions at arterial and venous stages in 165 patients with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (
)$ \bar x \pm s $ -
由表3、图2可知,双能量CT碘图定量参数中,动、静脉期NIC对CLNM的诊断效能较动、静脉期NCT值更高,其中,动脉期NIC的诊断效能最高(AUC=0.822),且特异度最高(90.00%),其最佳临界值为0.36;静脉期NIC的诊断效能、灵敏度、特异度均较动脉期NIC低。形态学征象中,甲状腺边缘接触对CLNM的诊断效能最高(AUC=0.695),且灵敏度最高(81.30%)。相比于单独采用双能量CT碘图定量参数或形态学征象对CLNM进行诊断,两者联合的诊断效能最高(AUC=0.908),灵敏度为86.70%,特异度为75.10%。
诊断指标 灵敏度
(%)特异度
(%)AUC 动脉期NIC 68.00 90.00 0.822 静脉期NIC 56.00 83.00 0.748 动脉期NCT值 65.00 71.00 0.723 静脉期NCT值 71.00 52.00 0.653 双能量CT碘图定量参数 79.20 86.00 0.829 多发病灶 76.40 58.10 0.625 病灶长径 71.20 69.20 0.586 形态不规则 68.40 45.60 0.564 甲状腺边缘接触 81.30 49.20 0.695 CT形态学征象 74.20 69.50 0.716 双能量CT碘图定量参数+CT形态学征象 86.70 75.10 0.908 注:CT为计算机体层摄影术;NIC为标准化碘浓度;NCT值为标准化CT值;AUC为曲线下面积 表 3 CT形态学征象、双能量CT碘图定量参数及两者联 合诊断甲状腺微小乳头状癌中央区淋巴结转移的效能
Table 3. CT morphological features, quantitative parameters of dual-energy CT iodine map of primary lesions, and their combined efficacy in diagnosing central lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma
图 1 甲状腺微小乳头状癌患者典型原发灶的CT形态学征象(A~B)、双能量CT动脉期IC和CT值的测量(C~D)以及双能量CT碘图(E~G)
Figure 1. Typical CT morphological features of primary lesions (A−B), measurement of IC and CT values in arterial phase (C−D), and dual-energy CT iodine map (E−G) in patients with thyroid papillary microcarcinoma
图 2 CT形态学征象、双能量CT碘图定量参数及两者联合诊断甲状腺微小乳头状癌中央区淋巴结转移的受试者工作特征曲线 CT为计算机体层摄影术
Figure 2. Receiver operator characteristic curves of CT morphological features, quantitative parameters of dual-energy CT iodine map of primary focus, and their combined efficacy in diagnosing central lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma
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二元逐步Logistic回归分析结果显示,甲状腺边缘接触是CLNM的独立危险因素,B值=1.129,标准误为0.325,Wald χ2值=12.093,OR值=3.093,95%CI:1.637~5.845,P=0.001。
双能量CT碘图定量参数联合形态学征象预测甲状腺微小乳头状癌颈部中央区淋巴结转移的价值
Value of the quantitative parameters of dual-energy CT iodine map combined with morphological signs in predicting the cervical central lymph node metastasis of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma
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摘要:
目的 探讨双能量CT碘图定量参数联合形态学征象预测甲状腺微小乳头状癌(PTMC)颈部中央区淋巴结转移(CLNM)的价值。 方法 回顾性分析2020年1至12月就诊于昆明医科大学第三附属医院云南省肿瘤医院的经术后组织病理学检查诊断为PTMC且行中央区淋巴结清扫的165例患者的临床资料和影像资料,其中,男性51例、女性114例,年龄22~69(47.8±13.9)岁,根据组织病理学检查结果将患者分为CLNM组和无CLNM组。对病灶进行形态学征象评价,包括多发病灶、病灶长径、形态不规则、微钙化、甲状腺边缘接触、增强扫描后边界模糊。测量术前行双能量CT扫描动、静脉期PTMC病灶的碘浓度(IC)及CT值,计算动、静脉期病灶的标准化碘浓度(NIC)和标准化CT值(NCT值)。采用独立样本t检验比较CLNM组与无CLNM组患者动、静脉期病灶的IC、NIC以及CT值、NCT值间的差异;采用χ2检验比较CLNM组与无CLNM组患者病灶的形态学征象。绘制单因素分析中差异有统计学意义的形态学征象及双能量CT碘图定量参数的受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线,计算曲线下面积(AUC),并采用二元逐步Logistic回归得到双能量CT碘图定量参数与形态学征象的联合预测系数。 结果 形态学征象方面,CLNM组与无CLNM组患者在多发病灶、病灶长径、形态不规则、甲状腺边缘接触间的差异均有统计学意义(χ2=7.298~12.422,均P<0.01),且甲状腺边缘接触诊断颈部CLNM的效能最高(AUC=0.695)。双能量CT碘图定量参数方面,CLNM组患者原发灶动、静脉期的NIC和NCT值均高于无CLNM组,且差异有统计学意义(0.36±0.02对0.32±0.03、0.70±0.11对0.59±0.10、0.43±0.06对0.37±0.07、0.81±0.08对0.75±0.12,t=4.248~8.301,均P<0.01)。且动脉期NIC诊断颈部CLNM的效能最高(AUC=0.822),最佳临界值为0.36。双能量CT碘图定量参数联合形态学征象诊断颈部CLNM的效能最高,AUC=0.908,灵敏度为86.70%、特异度为75.10%。甲状腺边缘接触是颈部CLNM的独立危险因素。 结论 双能量CT碘图定量参数联合形态学征象对术前预测PTMC颈部CLNM具有重要的临床价值。 -
关键词:
- 甲状腺肿瘤 /
- 体层摄影术,X线计算机 /
- 碘图 /
- 微小乳头状癌 /
- 中央区淋巴结转移
Abstract:Objective To explore the value of the quantitative parameters of dual-energy CT iodine map combined with morphological signs in predicting cervical central lymph node metastasis (CLNM) in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC). Methods Clinical and imaging data of 165 patients with PTMC diagnosed by postoperative histopathology and who underwent central lymph node dissection in Yunnan Cancer Hospital, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University from January 2020 to December 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. The cohort included 51 males and 114 females, aged 22–69 (47.8±13.9) years old. The patients were divided into the CLNM and non-CLNM groups according to the histopathological results. Morphological signs of the lesions, including multiple lesions, long diameter, irregular shape, microcalcification, thyroid edge contact, and blurred boundary after enhanced scanning, were evaluated. The iodine concentration (IC) and CT value of the PTMC lesions in the arteriovenous phase were measured by dual-energy CT scanning before the operation. The normalized IC (NIC) and normalized CT (NCT) value of the lesions in the arteriovenous phase were calculated. Independent sample t-test was used to compare the IC, NIC, CT, and NCT values of the arteriovenous lesions between the two groups. χ2 test was used to compare the morphological signs of lesions between the two groups. A receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC) was drawn for the morphological signs and quantitative parameters of the dual-energy CT iodine map with statistically significant differences in univariate analysis, and the area under curve (AUC) was calculated. Binary stepwise logistic regression was used to obtain the joint prediction coefficient of the quantitative parameters and the morphological signs. Results Significant differences were found in the multiple lesions, lesion diameter, irregular shape, and thyroid edge contact between the two groups (χ2=7.298–12.422, all P<0.01), and thyroid edge contact had the highest diagnostic efficiency for cervical CLNM(AUC=0.695). The NIC and NCT values of the CLNM group were higher than those of the non-CLNM group in the arteriovenous phase, and the differences were statistically significant (0.36±0.02 vs. 0.32±0.03, 0.70±0.11 vs. 0.59±0.10, 0.43±0.06 vs. 0.37±0.07, 0.81±0.08 vs. 0.75±0.12; t=4.248–8.301, all P<0.01). The NIC in the arterial phase had the highest diagnostic efficiency for cervical CLNM(AUC=0.822), and the optimal cut-off value was 0.36. The quantitative parameters of the dual-energy CT iodine map combined with the morphological signs had the highest diagnostic efficiency for cervical CLNM, with AUC of 0.908, sensitivity of 86.70%, and specificity of 75.10%. Thyroid edge contact was an independent risk factor for cervical CLNM. Conclusion The quantitative parameters of dual-energy CT iodine map combined with the morphological signs exhibited important clinical value in predicting cervical CLNM of patients with PTMC before an operation. -
图 2 CT形态学征象、双能量CT碘图定量参数及两者联合诊断甲状腺微小乳头状癌中央区淋巴结转移的受试者工作特征曲线 CT为计算机体层摄影术
Figure 2. Receiver operator characteristic curves of CT morphological features, quantitative parameters of dual-energy CT iodine map of primary focus, and their combined efficacy in diagnosing central lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma
表 1 165例甲状腺微小乳头状癌患者原发灶CT形态学征象的比较(例)
Table 1. Comparison of CT morphological features of primary lesions in 165 patients with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (case)
组别 多发病灶 病灶长径 微钙化 增强扫描后边界模糊 形态不规则 甲状腺边缘接触 有 无 ≤5 mm >5 mm 有 无 有 无 有 无 有 无 CLNM组(n=79) 49 30 28 51 26 53 21 58 46 33 52 27 无CLNM组(n=86) 32 54 49 37 23 63 29 57 32 54 33 53 χ2值 10.146 7.671 0.750 0.994 7.298 12.422 P值 0.001 0.006 0.386 0.319 0.007 <0.001 注:CT为计算机体层摄影术;CLNM为中央区淋巴结转移 表 2 165例甲状腺微小乳头状癌患者原发灶动、静脉期双能量CT碘图定量参数的比较(
)$ \bar x \pm s $ Table 2. Comparison of quantitative parameters of dual-energy CT iodine map of primary lesions at arterial and venous stages in 165 patients with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (
)$ \bar x \pm s $ 组别 IC(mg/ml) NIC CT值(HU) NCT值 动脉期 静脉期 动脉期 静脉期 动脉期 静脉期 动脉期 静脉期 CLNM组(n=79) 3.78±0.88 3.29±1.15 0.36±0.02 0.70±0.11 94.42±36.23 60.06±21.57 0.43±0.06 0.81±0.08 无CLNM组(n=86) 3.59±0.93 2.98±0.86 0.32±0.03 0.59±0.10 85.04±34.08 57.82±18.49 0.37±0.07 0.75±0.12 t值 1.362 1.890 8.301 6.241 1.713 0.718 5.592 4.248 P值 0.175 0.610 <0.01 <0.01 0.089 0.474 <0.01 <0.01 注:CT为计算机体层摄影术;CLNM为中央区淋巴结转移;IC为碘浓度;NIC为标准化碘浓度;NCT值为标准化CT值 表 3 CT形态学征象、双能量CT碘图定量参数及两者联 合诊断甲状腺微小乳头状癌中央区淋巴结转移的效能
Table 3. CT morphological features, quantitative parameters of dual-energy CT iodine map of primary lesions, and their combined efficacy in diagnosing central lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma
诊断指标 灵敏度
(%)特异度
(%)AUC 动脉期NIC 68.00 90.00 0.822 静脉期NIC 56.00 83.00 0.748 动脉期NCT值 65.00 71.00 0.723 静脉期NCT值 71.00 52.00 0.653 双能量CT碘图定量参数 79.20 86.00 0.829 多发病灶 76.40 58.10 0.625 病灶长径 71.20 69.20 0.586 形态不规则 68.40 45.60 0.564 甲状腺边缘接触 81.30 49.20 0.695 CT形态学征象 74.20 69.50 0.716 双能量CT碘图定量参数+CT形态学征象 86.70 75.10 0.908 注:CT为计算机体层摄影术;NIC为标准化碘浓度;NCT值为标准化CT值;AUC为曲线下面积 -
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