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早期肺腺癌是指肿瘤长径≤30 mm的ⅠA期肺癌[1],其病理变化一般是从不典型腺瘤样增生进展为原位癌,再到微浸润性腺癌(minimally invasive adenocarcinoma,MIA)、浸润性腺癌(invasive adenocarcinoma,IAC),但少数肺腺癌却不经过这一变化过程,直接发展为侵袭性极强的IAC [2],因此,掌握肺腺癌的浸润性影像学特征,准确、及早地发现这一变化,尽早对患者进行手术至关重要。笔者根据病理亚型将101例早期肺腺癌患者分组并进行对照分析,复习相关文献,旨在提高临床医师对其影像学诊断及浸润性CT征象的认识。
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浸润前组有男性11例、女性14例,浸润组有男性31例、女性45例,2组患者的性别分布差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.08,P=0.778);浸润组患者的年龄大于浸润前组,且差异有统计学意义[(59.4±9.8)岁对(53.6±9.0)岁,t=2.86,P=0.007]。浸润组中有5例患者的癌胚抗原(carcinoembryonic antigen,CEA)水平升高(平均升高约2.8 μg/L),与非浸润组的差异无统计学意义(Fisher确切概率法,P=0.329)。
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浸润前组25例患者中CT表现为pGGN 20例(80.0%)、mGGN 5例(20.0%);结节形态不规则2例、卵圆形23例;边缘光整17例(图1)、浅分叶征8例;空泡征2例、1级血管征4例(图2)、1级支气管征1例。
图 1 右肺上叶后段原位肺腺癌患者(女性,47岁)的薄层CT图
Figure 1. The thin-slice CT images of a patient (female, 47 years old) with adenocarcinoma in situ in the posterior segment of upper lobe of the right lung
图 2 右肺下叶背段微浸润肺腺癌患者(女性,44岁)的薄层CT图
Figure 2. The thin-slice CT images of a patient (female, 44 years old) with a microinvasive adenocarcinoma in the dorsal segment of lower lobe of the right lung
浸润组76例患者中CT表现为pGGN 13例(17.1%)、mGGN 26例(34.2%)、实性结节 37例(48.7%);形态不规则8例[其中4例沿支气管血管束生长(图3)]、卵圆形68例;分叶征56例、毛刺征54例、胸膜凹陷征36例;空泡征25例(图3B),支气管征:1级3例、2级7例、3级10例,血管征:1级20例、2级10例、3级3例。
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由表1可知,结节的形态组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);浸润组患者结节内部出现实性成分、支气管征、血管征、空泡征的概率均高于浸润前组(均P<0.05);浸润前组患者结节边缘光整的概率高于浸润组(P<0.001),浸润组患者结节边缘出现分叶征、毛刺征、胸膜凹陷征的概率均高于浸润前组(均P<0.001)。由表2可知,与浸润前组比较,浸润组患者结节的CT值、结节体积、CT值/体积的比值、结节长径均较大,而相对CT值较小,且差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.001)。
组别 形态(规则/不规则) 实性成分 支气管征 血管征 空泡征 边缘特征 光整 分叶征 毛刺征 胸膜凹陷征 浸润前组(n=25) 23(92.0)/2(8.0) 5(20.0) 1(4.0) 4(16.0) 2(8.0) 17(68.0) 8(32.0) 0 0 浸润组(n=76) 68(89.5)/8(10.5) 63(82.9) 20(26.3) 33(43.4) 25(32.9) 8(10.5) 56(73.7) 54(71.1) 36(47.4) χ2值 0.00 33.82 4.14 4.97 4.75 33.36 14.08 − − P值 1.000 <0.001 0.036 0.026 0.029 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 注:−表示采用Fisher确切概率法,无检验值。CT为计算机体层摄影术 表 1 浸润前组与浸润组肺腺癌患者的CT征象比较[例(%)]
Table 1. Comparison of CT features of patients with lung adenocarcinoma between pre-invasion group and invasive group [case (%)]
组别 CT值(HU) 相对CT值(HU) 结节体积(cm3) CT值/体积的比值 结节长径(mm) 浸润前组(n=25) −537.00(−612.00, −418.00) −289.00(−412.00,−210.50) 0.18(0.14, 0.26) −2685.00(−3564.00, −1972.00) 7.50(6.50, 8.25) 浸润组(n=76) −61.00(−318.25, 21.50) −758.50(−839.00, −534.25) 0.86(0.44, 2.16) −48.19(−422.14, 12.80) 13.00(11.00, 16.00) Z值 −5.82 −5.71 −5.43 −6.51 −6.03 P值 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 注:相对CT值=结节CT值−邻近正常肺CT值。CT为计算机体层摄影术 表 2 浸润前组与浸润组肺腺癌患者的CT定量参数比较 [M(Q1,Q3)]
Table 2. Comparison of CT quantitative parameters of patients with lung adenocarcinoma between pre-invasion group and invasive group[M (Q1, Q3)]
由图4可见,浸润前病变与浸润性病变的最佳临界值:当结节长径≥8.75 mm时,灵敏度为87.5%、特异度为84.0%;当结节体积≥0.31 cm3时,灵敏度为82.9%、特异度为88.0%;当CT值为−464 HU时,灵敏度为89.5%、特异度为72.0%;当CT值/体积的比值为−1681.7时,灵敏度为93.4%、特异度为88.0%。结节长径、CT值、结节体积、CT值/体积的比值的AUC分别为0.902(95%CI:0.843~0.962)、0.889(95%CI:0.824~0.955)、0.863(95%CI:0.784~0.942)、0.936(95%CI:0.886~0.985)。
薄层CT对早期肺腺癌的浸润性征象分析
Analysis of invasive signs of early lung adenocarcinoma by thin-slice CT
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摘要:
目的 探讨早期肺腺癌的浸润性CT征象,为临床选择合理的治疗方案提供依据。 方法 回顾性分析2015年1月至2020年10月惠州市中心人民医院收治的经手术后组织病理学检查结果证实的101例肺腺癌患者[男性42例、女性59例,年龄28~75(56.5±9.4)岁]的薄层CT影像学资料,包括结节内部特征(实性成分、血管征、支气管征、空泡征)、边缘特征(光整、分叶征、毛刺征、胸膜凹陷征)、结节长径、CT值、相对CT值、结节体积、CT值/体积的比值等。根据病理亚型将患者分为浸润前组(25例)和浸润组(76例),并对2组数据进行对照分析。 计量资料的比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验和独立样本t检验,计数资料的比较采用χ2检验或Fisher确切概率法,并绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线,计算最佳临界值和曲线下面积(AUC)。 结果 浸润前组25例患者中有纯磨玻璃结节20例(80.0%)、混合磨玻璃结节5例(20.0%)。浸润组76例患者中有纯磨玻璃结节13例(17.1%)、混合磨玻璃结节26例(34.2%)、实性结节37例(48.7%)。浸润组患者结节内部出现实性成分、支气管征、血管征、空泡征的概率均高于浸润前组,且差异均有统计学意义[82.9%(63/76)对20.0%(5/25)、26.3%(20/76)对4.0%(1/25)、43.4%(33/76)对16.0%(4/25)、32.9%(25/76)对8.0%(2/25),χ2=4.14~33.82,均P<0.05]。浸润前组患者结节边缘光整的概率高于浸润组,且差异有统计学意义[68.0%(17/25)对10.5%(8/76),χ2=33.36,P<0.001],浸润组患者结节边缘出现分叶征、毛刺征、胸膜凹陷征的概率均高于浸润前组,且差异均有统计学意义[73.7%(56/76)对32.0%(8/25)、71.1%(54/76)对0、47.4%(36/76)对0,χ2=14.08、Fisher确切概率法,均P<0.001]。浸润前组与浸润组患者的结节长径[7.50(6.50, 8.25) mm对13.00(11.00, 16.00) mm]、CT值[−537.00(−612.00, −418.00) HU对−61.00(−318.25, 21.50) HU]、相对CT值[−289.00(−412.00, −210.50) HU对−758.50(−839.00, −534.25) HU]、结节体积[ 0.18(0.14, 0.26) cm3对 0.86(0.44, 2.16) cm3]、CT值/体积的比值[−2685.00(−3564.00, −1972.00)对−48.19(−422.14,12.80)]的差异均有统计学意义(Z=−6.51~−5.43,均P<0.001)。浸润前病变与浸润性病变的最佳临界值:当结节长径≥8.75 mm时,灵敏度为87.5%、特异度为84.0%;当结节体积≥0.31 cm3时,灵敏度为82.9%、特异度为88.0%;当CT值为−464 HU时,灵敏度为89.5%、特异度为72.0%;当CT值/体积的比值为−1681.7时,灵敏度为93.4%、特异度为88.0%。结节长径、CT值、结节体积、CT值/体积的比值的AUC分别为0.902(95%CI:0.843~0.962)、0.889(95%CI:0.824~0.955)、0.863(95%CI:0.784~0.942)、0.936(95%CI:0.886~0.985)。 结论 早期肺腺癌的浸润性CT征象与其结节体积、长径、密度、内部特征、边缘特征有关,需多平面仔细观察相关征象,综合分析,一旦发现其具有浸润倾向,应及早手术。 -
关键词:
- 肺腺癌 /
- 体层摄影术,X线计算机 /
- 肿瘤浸润 /
- 磨玻璃结节 /
- 征象
Abstract:Objective To investigate the invasive signs of early lung adenocarcinoma by thin-slice CT and to provide the basis for selecting rational clinical treatment. Methods Thin-slice CT findings of 101 patients (42 males and 59 females, aged 28–75 (56.5±9.4) years) with lung adenocarcinoma confirmed by surgical histopathology examination in Huizhou Central People's Hospital from January 2015 to October 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. The imaging characteristics of nodules including internal characteristics (solid component, vascular sign, bronchial sign, and vacuole sign), marginal characteristics (smooth edges, lobulation sign, spiculated sign, and pleural indentation sign), long diameter, CT value, relative CT value, volume, and CT value/volume ratio. According to pathological subtypes, 25 patients were classified into the pre-invasion group, and 76 were classified into the invasive group. Two groups were compared, and Mann-Whitney U test and independent sample t test were used to compare the measurement data. χ2 test and Fisher's exact probability method were used for counting data comparison. Receiver operating characteristic curves were drawn and the optimal critical value and the area under the curve (AUC) were calculated. Results The pre-invasion group (25 cases) had 20 cases (80.0%) of pure ground-glass nodules and 5 cases (20.0%) of mixed ground-glass nodules. The invasion group (76 cases) had 13 cases (17.1%) of pure ground-glass nodules, 26 cases (34.2%) of mixed ground-glass nodules, and 37 cases (48.7%) of solid nodules. The probability of the internal characteristics of nodules including solid components, vascular signs, bronchial signs, and vacuole signs in the invasion group were significantly higher than that in the pre-invasion group (82.9% (63/76) vs. 20.0% (5/25), 26.3% (20/76) vs. 4.0% (1/25), 43.4% (33/76) vs. 16.0% (4/25), 32.9% (25/76) vs. 8.0% (2/25); χ2=4.14–33.82; all P<0.05). The probability of smooth edges in the pre-invasion group was significantly higher than that in the invasion group (68.0% (17/25) vs. 10.5% (8/76), χ2=33.36, P<0.001). The probability of lobulation signs, spiculated signs, and pleural indentation signs in the invasion group were significantly higher than that in the pre-invasion group (73.7% (56/76) vs. 32.0% (8/25), 71.1% (54/76) vs. 0, 47.4% (36/76) vs. 0; χ2=14.08, Fisher's exact probability method; all P<0.001). Statistically significant differences existed in long diameter (7.50 (6.50, 8.25) mm vs. 13.00 (11.00, 16.00) mm), CT value (−537.00 (−612.00, −418.00) HU vs. −61.00 (−318.25, 21.50) HU), relative CT value (−289.00 (−412.00, −210.50) HU vs. −758.50 (−839.00, −534.25) HU), volume (0.18 (0.14, 0.26) cm3 vs. 0.86 (0.44, 2.16) cm3), CT value/volume ratio (−2685.00 (−3564.00, −1972.00) vs. −48.19 (−422.14, 12.80)) between pre-invasion group and invasion group (Z=−6.51 to −5.43; all P<0.001). Optimal cutoff values existed between the pre-invasive and invasive lesions. When the long diameter of nodules was ≥8.75 mm, the sensitivity and specificity were 87.5% and 84.0%, respectively. When the nodule volume was ≥0.31 cm3, the sensitivity and specificity were 82.9% and 88.0%, respectively. When the CT value was −464 HU, the sensitivity and specificity were 89.5% and 72.0%, respectively. When the CT value/volume ratio was −1681.7, the sensitivity and specificity were 93.4% and 88.0%, respectively. The AUC of long diameter, CT value, volume, and CT value/volume ratio of nodules were 0.902 (95%CI: 0.843–0.962), 0.889 (95%CI: 0.824–0.955), 0.863 (95%CI: 0.784–0.942), and 0.936 (95%CI: 0.886–0.985), respectively. Conclusions CT findings of the invasion signs of early lung adenocarcinoma are related to the volume, length, density, internal characteristics, and marginal characteristics of the nodules. The relevant signs need to be carefully observed in multiple planes and for a comprehensive analysis. Once found that it has a tendency to infiltrate, it should be operated as soon as possible. -
Key words:
- Adenocarcinoma of lung /
- Tomography, X-ray computed /
- Neoplasm invasiveness /
- Ground-glass nodule /
- Sign
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表 1 浸润前组与浸润组肺腺癌患者的CT征象比较[例(%)]
Table 1. Comparison of CT features of patients with lung adenocarcinoma between pre-invasion group and invasive group [case (%)]
组别 形态(规则/不规则) 实性成分 支气管征 血管征 空泡征 边缘特征 光整 分叶征 毛刺征 胸膜凹陷征 浸润前组(n=25) 23(92.0)/2(8.0) 5(20.0) 1(4.0) 4(16.0) 2(8.0) 17(68.0) 8(32.0) 0 0 浸润组(n=76) 68(89.5)/8(10.5) 63(82.9) 20(26.3) 33(43.4) 25(32.9) 8(10.5) 56(73.7) 54(71.1) 36(47.4) χ2值 0.00 33.82 4.14 4.97 4.75 33.36 14.08 − − P值 1.000 <0.001 0.036 0.026 0.029 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 注:−表示采用Fisher确切概率法,无检验值。CT为计算机体层摄影术 表 2 浸润前组与浸润组肺腺癌患者的CT定量参数比较 [M(Q1,Q3)]
Table 2. Comparison of CT quantitative parameters of patients with lung adenocarcinoma between pre-invasion group and invasive group[M (Q1, Q3)]
组别 CT值(HU) 相对CT值(HU) 结节体积(cm3) CT值/体积的比值 结节长径(mm) 浸润前组(n=25) −537.00(−612.00, −418.00) −289.00(−412.00,−210.50) 0.18(0.14, 0.26) −2685.00(−3564.00, −1972.00) 7.50(6.50, 8.25) 浸润组(n=76) −61.00(−318.25, 21.50) −758.50(−839.00, −534.25) 0.86(0.44, 2.16) −48.19(−422.14, 12.80) 13.00(11.00, 16.00) Z值 −5.82 −5.71 −5.43 −6.51 −6.03 P值 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 注:相对CT值=结节CT值−邻近正常肺CT值。CT为计算机体层摄影术 -
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