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心包炎是一种常见的临床疾病,可由多种致病因素引起,或由邻近组织病变蔓延所致,常是全身疾病的一部分或首发症状[1-2]。其治疗方案的确定和预后取决于原发基础疾病的病因。心包炎的病因学分类复杂,其不同病因的临床表现相似。因此,根据临床表现和体格检查很难准确诊断出病因。心包活检是一种临床常用的鉴别心包积液病因的检查方法,分为心包开窗活检和心包穿刺活检两种。心包开窗活检术后并发症发生率较高,约65%,而阳性率却无明显提高;心包穿刺活检方法简单、安全、并发症发生率低,但阳性率也仅约20%。由于心包活检有一定的风险,因此,应禁止对心包积液量少的患者和缩窄性心包炎患者行此项检查。C反应蛋白(CRP)和红细胞沉降率(ESR)等全身性炎症标志物有助于诊断心包炎,但特异度不高。
影像学技术是心包炎的常规检查方法。经胸壁超声心动图(TTE) 是心包炎的一线检查方法,可为心包炎的诊断提供形态学和血流动力学数据,从而准确评估心包积液量。但该方法易受检查者的技术水平影响,容易漏掉位于心脏后壁或下壁的少量心包积液和较小病变,导致有时无法分辨心包脂肪和心包积液[3-4]。CT和MRI一般作为心包炎的二线检查方法。其中增强CT检查时间短,可在一个心动周期内完成,对心脏解剖结构的评估具有一定优势,对心包钙化的灵敏度高,但对诊断心包炎的灵敏度、特异度和准确率较低,同时有碘对比剂过敏和对比剂相关肾纤维化的风险。MRI可清晰显示心包及心脏结构,但采集时间过长,且存在很多禁忌证。上述影像学检查方法主要通过对病灶的大小、形态、密度等解剖学方面的变化进行诊断,对心包炎的诊断存在一定的不足。由于心包炎几乎都是由邻近组织疾病蔓延所致或是全身疾病的一部分,因此,上述方法在心包炎的诊断方面比较局限。18F-FDG PET/CT一次成像可将全身的功能代谢信息和解剖信息进行有效整合,并可同时探测到心包局部及心包邻近组织病变、全身各个组织的代谢及结构异常病灶,可显著提高心包炎诊断的准确率,尤其对评估全身基础疾病的性质具有独特优势。
18F-FDG,即2-[18F]-2-脱氧-D-葡萄糖,是目前临床上最常见的PET/CT示踪剂,它是一种与葡萄糖结构类似的放射性核素标记化合物,具有与葡萄糖相似的生物活性,细胞摄取18F-FDG后经细胞内己糖激酶将其催化为6-磷酸-18F-FDG,因其不能参与葡萄糖的进一步代谢而被滞留在细胞内。在葡萄糖代谢平衡状态下,6-磷酸-18F-FDG的滞留量大体上与组织细胞的葡萄糖消耗量一致,因而可反映体内葡萄糖的利用和摄取水平。在各种炎症病灶中,白细胞为炎症细胞的主要成分,其摄取18F-FDG的机制与葡萄糖作为主要能量来源有关,急、慢性炎症和感染性过程都可以使白细胞摄取18F-FDG增加,故炎症病灶18F-FDG PET/CT图像上呈现为放射性浓聚表现。由于18F-FDG摄取增高是炎症或恶性病灶均可出现的特征性表现[5],因此,18F-FDG PET/CT既能用于肿瘤检测,也能用于炎症检测。2015年,欧洲心脏协会(ESC)在《心包疾病诊断和管理指南》中强调了全身18F-FDG PET/CT在心包炎定性诊断中的价值,尤其是在判断淋巴瘤或其他恶性肿瘤及结核等侵犯心包方面具有优势[1]。
18F-FDG PET/CT在心包炎诊断中的应用价值研究进展
Research progress on the application value of 18F-FDG PET/CT in the diagnosis of pericarditis
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摘要: 心包炎通常是全身多个系统疾病的一部分以及某些全身疾病的首发表现。因此,找到并去除全身疾病的病因,尽早干预并延缓疾病的进程则有助于预防长期并发症,改善患者预后。由于心包活检获得心包积液或心包组织的难度相对较大,阳性率较低,因此,鉴定心包炎的病因一直都是难点。18F-FDG PET/CT可一次性将全身的生理代谢信息和解剖学信息融合,在判定心包炎的病因方面具有重要价值。另外,其在确定疾病的分期和分级、疗效评估和预后,尤其是早期鉴别肿瘤复发、肿瘤再分期、寻找肿瘤原发病灶和定位放疗生物靶区等方面都极具优势。笔者就18F-FDG PET/CT在心包炎诊断中的应用价值进行综述。
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关键词:
- 心包炎 /
- 正电子发射断层显像术 /
- 体层摄影术,X线计算机 /
- 氟脱氧葡萄糖F18
Abstract: Pericarditis is usually part of multiple systemic diseases and the first manifestation of some systemic diseases. Therefore, to find and remove the cause of systemic diseases and early intervention to delay the disease progression are helpful to prevent long-term complications and improve patient prognosis. Because it is relatively difficult to obtain pericardial effusion or pericardial tissue by pericardial biopsy, and the positive rate of biopsy is low, the identification of the cause of pericarditis is always being a difficult point. 18F-FDG PET/CT can integrate systemic physiological, metabolic, and anatomical information at one time, and has important value in determining the etiology of pericarditis. In addition, it has great advantages on determining the staging and grading of the disease, evaluating the therapeutic effect, and prognosticating, especially in the early identification of tumor recurrence, tumor restaging of the tumor, searching for the primary tumor, and positioning of the biological target area of radiotherapy. The author reviews the application value of 18F-FDG PET/CT in the diagnosis of pericarditis. -
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