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自上世纪30年代回旋加速器问世以后,放射性核素实现了人工制备,并越来越广泛地应用于医学实践中[1]。核素示踪技术是核医学诊断中的重要技术手段,其将放射性药物作为示踪剂引入生物体内,随后应用射线探测方法来对其进行精确定性、定量及定位测量。放射性药物是指应用于临床诊断或治疗过程中的放射性核素制剂及其标记化合物,主要包括诊断用放射性药物和治疗用放射性药物两类[2-4]。过去,放射性核素的分装和稀释工作主要靠人工或机械手完成,存在分装计量精度和效率不高等缺点;同时由于医护人员不能一次性准确抽取所需要的药物剂量,需反复抽取测量才能满足要求,导致长期进行分装操作的医护人员的特定部位受到辐射损伤的可能性增加[5-7]。
在这种背景下,正电子类药物全自动核素分装仪(以下简称全自动核素分装仪)应运而生。与传统的手工分装相比,全自动核素分装仪的主要优势包括以下几点:(1)医护人员可远距离操控核素分装仪进行放射性核素的分装,避免了医护人员与放射性核素的直接接触,有效减少了医护人员在药物分装过程中受到的辐射;(2)可通过活度计等工具实时测量抽取药物的活度,或测量抽取后药物瓶中的存量与之前的差值,保证了药物分装的高精度;(3)具有良好的功能扩展性,如可以实现数据的存储与打印等[8];(4)核素分装过程自动化及可扩展一次分装多个针筒或药瓶功能,保证了药物分装的高效率;(5)使用的无菌耗材具有轻便、安全、无需灭菌、即开即用的特点,可以有效防止样品间的交叉感染。
本文旨在综述用于医疗机构的全自动核素分装仪的发展历程,并对其关键技术以及未来发展趋势进行讨论。
正电子类药物全自动核素分装仪的研究进展
Research progress of positron radiopharmaceutical automatic nuclide packing instrument
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摘要: 近年来,我国核医学事业飞速发展,放射性核素被广泛地应用于肿瘤、心脏疾病和神经疾病的诊疗中。正电子类药物分装是核医学诊疗前的必要步骤。由于手工分装会对核医学工作者造成一定的核辐射以及产生抽取剂量准确性等问题,因此研制全自动核素分装仪具有重要的临床价值。笔者系统回顾了全自动核素分装仪的发展历程,重点阐述现有产品在核素分装、原液稀释、气泡检测方面的功能,并提出现有产品存在的维护困难、价格昂贵、功能不完善等不足,最后对正电子类药物全自动核素分装仪在核素注射、核素剂量计算、功能模块化等未来发展方向上的应用进行了展望。Abstract: In recent years, with the rapid development of nuclear medicine in China, radionuclides have been widely used in the diagnosis and treatment of tumors, heart diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. Positron radiopharmaceutical nuclide packing is a necessary step before diagnosis and treatment can be performed in nuclear medicine clinics. Given that the process of manual packing would expose nuclear medicine workers to nuclear radiation, the development of an automatic nuclide packing instrument is of great clinical value. The development process of the automatic nuclide packaging instruments was reviewed; the functions of existing products, including nuclide packing, stock solution dilution, and bubble detection, were demonstrated; and problems in existing products, including maintaining difficulties, expensive costs, and insufficient functions, were identified. Finally, this paper discussed the prospects for the future development directions of nuclide packing, such as combining nuclide injection, nuclide quantity calculation, functional modularization, and others.
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