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肺空洞是肺内病变组织发生坏死后,经引流支气管排出并吸入气体后形成的占位,常见于肺结核、肺脓肿和肺癌,也可见于转移瘤、真菌感染和韦格纳氏肉芽肿等。肺部单发空洞的影像学特征具有相似性,是影像诊断的难点,也影响临床治疗的策略。医疗设备和软件技术的不断更新可使影像科医师获得更多的细节和信息。18F-FDG PET/CT显像可提供病灶18F-FDG的摄取情况,以此评价肺空洞壁的葡萄糖代谢信息[1]。传统观点认为SUVmax=2.5是区分良恶性占位的临界值[2],但随着研究的深入,研究者们提出了多个区分良恶性占位的SUVmax临界值。薄层螺旋CT能够展示肺空洞壁和空洞腔的解剖细节[3-4],增强CT可以将肺空洞的血供和强化程度进行比较[5]。本研究主要分析和评价鉴别孤立性肺空洞良恶性的SUVmax临界值,并就综合影像分析法和3种影像学方法(PET/CT、薄层螺旋CT和增强CT)单独使用对孤立性肺空洞良恶性的诊断效能进行分析比较,以提高对孤立性肺空洞诊断的效能。
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56例孤立性肺空洞患者中,恶性病变39例(69.6%),均为非小细胞肺癌,包括腺癌21例、鳞癌13例、腺鳞癌3例、黏液腺癌2例,均由手术或穿刺活检的组织病理学检查结果证实;良性病变17例(30.4%),包括肺脓肿10例、肺结核5例、真菌感染2例,诊断标准为手术和(或)穿活检的组织病理学检查结果,以及根据不同临床方法治疗后,随访(≥9个月)期间肺空洞缩小或消失。
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56例孤立性肺空洞患者的SUVmax分布如图1所示。其中恶性空洞的SUVmax=7.04±2.3,良性空洞的SUVmax=5.91±2.17,两者的差异无统计学意义(t=1.714,P=0.092)。ROC曲线分析结果显示,SUVmax的最佳临界值为7.05、约登指数为0.285,AUC为0.652,95%CI:0.494~0.809(图2)。当SUVmax=7.05时,SUVmax对孤立性肺空洞诊断的灵敏度为46.2%(18/39)、特异度为82.4%(14/17)、阳性预测值为85.7%(18/21)、阴性预测值为40.0%(14/35)、准确率为57.1%(32/56)。
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所有患者的临床资料和不同影像学方法的主要诊断指标与组织病理学检查和随访结果的诊断结果见表1~2。
诊断方法 组织病理学检查或随访结果 χ2值 P值 恶性(n=39) 良性(n=17) 18F-FDG PET/CT 30(76.9) 6(35.3) 8.936 0.003 9(23.1) 11(64.7) 薄层螺旋CT 32(82.1) 11(64.7) 1.144 0.285 7(17.9) 6(35.3) 增强CT 28(71.8) 4(23.5) 11.262 0.001 11(28.2) 13(76.5) 综合影像分析法 37(94.9) 4(23.5) 38.678 <0.001 2(5.1) 13(76.5) 注:综合影像分析法为对18F-FDG PET/CT、薄层螺旋CT、增强CT的诊断结果进行综合评估。FDG为氟脱氧葡萄糖;PET为正电子发射断层显像术;CT为计算机体层摄影术 表 1 不同影像学方法鉴别56例孤立性肺空洞患者良恶性 的诊断结果[例(%)]
Table 1. Differential diagnosis of 56 patients with solitary pulmonary cavity by different imaging methods (case (%))
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18F-FDG PET/CT、薄层螺旋CT和增强CT诊断孤立性肺空洞的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和准确率的结果见表2 。以组织病理学检查结果和随访结果为标准,综合影像分析法诊断的灵敏度为94.9%(37/39)、特异度为76.5%(13/17)、阳性预测值为90.2%(37/41)、阴性预测值为86.7%(13/15)、准确率为89.3%(50/56)。
诊断方法 诊断项目 组织病理学检查或随访结果 χ2值 P值 恶性(n=39) 良性(n=17) 18F-FDG PET/CT SUVmax 4.105 0.043 ≥7.05 18(46.2) 3(17.6) < 7.05 21(53.8) 14(82.4) SUV分布 1.352 0.245 不均匀 29(74.4) 10(58.8) 均匀 10(25.6) 7(41.2) 薄层螺旋CT 空洞位置 0.01 0.919 上叶 27(69.2) 12(70.6) 中/下叶 12(30.8) 5(29.4) 空洞直径 3.976 0.046 ≥3 mm 25(64.1) 6(35.3) <3 mm 14(35.9) 11(64.7) 空洞壁厚 0.337 0.562 ≥8 mm 22(56.4) 11(64.7) <8 mm 17(43.6) 6(35.3) 空洞形态 0.317 0.573 偏心 26(66.7) 10(58.8) 不偏心 13(33.3) 7(41.2) 恶性征象 10.028 0.002 有 29(74.4) 5(29.4) 无 10(25.6) 12(70.6) 增强CT 强化程度 10.315 0.001 ≥20 HU 31(79.5) 6(35.3) <20 HU 8(20.5) 11(64.7) 强化形态 15.23 <0.001 不均匀 35(89.7) 6(35.3) 均匀 4(10.3) 11(64.7) 强化类型 0.111 0.739 后期 27(69.2) 11(64.7) 早期 12(30.8) 6(35.3) 临床资料 肿瘤标志物 8.922 0.003 升高 33(84.6) 7(41.2) 正常 6(15.4) 10(58.8) 白细胞计数 1.117 0.291 升高 9(23.1) 7(41.2) 正常 30(76.9) 10(58.8) 空洞短期变化 27.438 <0.001 显著 0(0) 11(64.7) 不显著 39(100.0) 6(35.3) 注:FDG为氟脱氧葡萄糖;PET为正电子发射断层显像术;CT为计算机体层摄影术;SUVmax为最大标准化摄取值 表 2 不同影像学方法和临床资料鉴别56例孤立性肺空洞患者良恶性的诊断结果[例(%)]
Table 2. Differential diagnosis of 56 patients with solitary pulmonary cavity by different imaging methods and clinical data (case (%))
项目 SUVmax(7.05) 18F-FDG PET/CT 薄层螺旋CT 增强CT 综合影像分析法 灵敏度 46.2(18/39)a 76.9(30/39)a 82.1(32/39) 71.8(28/39)a 94.9(37/39) 特异度 82.4(14/17) 64.7(11/17) 35.3(6/17)a 76.5(13/17) 76.5(13/17) 准确率 57.1(32/56)a 73.2(41/56)a 67.9(38/56)a 73.2(41/56)a 89.3(50/56) 阳性预测值 85.7(18/21) 83.3(30/36) 74.4(32/43) 87.5(28/32) 90.2(37/41) 阴性预测值 40.0(14/35)a 55.0(11/20) 46.2(6/13) 54.2(13/24)a 86.7(13/15) 注:a表示与综合影像分析法相比,差异均有统计学意义(χ2=4.387~22.259,均P<0.05)。综合影像分析法为对18F-FDG PET/CT、薄层螺旋CT、增强CT的诊断结果进行综合评估。SUVmax为最大标准化摄取值;FDG为氟脱氧葡萄糖;PET为正电子发射断层显像术;CT为计算机体层摄影术 表 3 3种影像学方法、SUVmax和综合影像分析法对56例孤立性肺空洞患者良恶性的诊断效能(%)
Table 3. Diagnostic efficacy of three imaging methods, SUVmax and comprehensive imaging analysis in 56 patients with solitary pulmonary cavity (%)
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综合影像分析法结果显示,4例患者被误诊为恶性病变,其中1例患者术后组织病理学检查结果提示为肺脓肿,1例患者行多次抗炎治疗后空洞消失,2例患者提示为肺结核;2例患者被误诊为良性病变,但组织病理学检查结果均提示为肺鳞癌。部分误诊且影像诊断结果不一致病例的影像学图像见图3~5。
图 3 孤立性肺空洞患者(男性,44岁)的CT、18F-FDG PET/CT显像图
Figure 3. CT and 18F-FDG PET/CT images of a patient (male, 44 years old) with tuberculous cavity
18F-FDG PET/CT结合薄层螺旋CT、增强CT和临床资料在孤立性肺空洞中的鉴别诊断价值
Value of 18F-FDG PET/CT combined with thin slice spiral CT, enhanced CT and clinical data in the differential diagnosis of solitary pulmonary cavity
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摘要:
目的 分析鉴别孤立性肺空洞良恶性的最大标准化摄取值(SUVmax)临界值以及综合影像分析法诊断孤立性肺空洞性质的效能。 方法 回顾性分析2015年10月至2019年10月于厦门大学附属中山医院行18F-氟脱氧葡萄糖(FDG) PET/CT、薄层螺旋CT和增强CT检查的56例孤立性肺空洞患者的影像资料和临床资料,其中男性43例、女性13例,年龄41~82(54.7±13.4)岁。通过构建和分析受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线,计算SUVmax的最佳临界值并评价其诊断效能;以组织病理学检查结果和随访结果为参考标准,结合临床资料计算18F-FDG PET/CT、薄层螺旋CT和增强CT 3种影像学方法以及综合影像分析法(对3种影像学方法的诊断结果进行综合评估)鉴别诊断孤立性肺空洞良恶性的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和准确率。计量资料的比较采用独立样本t检验,计数资料的比较采用卡方检验。 结果 56例孤立性肺空洞患者中,恶性病变39例(69.6%),SUVmax=7.04±2.3;良性病变17例(30.4%),SUVmax=5.91±2.17,良恶性病变SUVmax的差异无统计学意义(t=1.714,P=0.092)。ROC曲线分析结果显示,SUVmax的最佳临界值为7.05,ROC曲线下面积为0.652,95%置信区间:0.494~0.809。当SUVmax= 7.05时,SUVmax对孤立性肺空洞诊断的灵敏度为46.2%(18/39)、特异度为82.4%(14/17)、阳性预测值为85.7%(18/21)、阴性预测值为40.0%(14/35)、准确率为57.1%(32/56)。综合影像分析法、18F-FDG PET/CT、薄层螺旋CT和增强CT诊断孤立性肺空洞的灵敏度分别为94.9%(37/39)、76.9%(30/39)、82.1%(32/39)和71.8%(28/39);特异度分别为76.5%(13/17)、64.7%(11/17)、35.3%(6/17)和76.5%(13/17);阳性预测值分别为90.2%(37/41)、83.3%(30/36)、74.4%(32/43)和87.5%(28/32);阴性预测值分别为86.7%(13/15)、55.0%(11/20)、46.2%(6/13)和54.2%(13/24);准确率分别为89.3%(50/56)、73.2%(41/56)、67.9%(38/56)和73.2%(41/56)。 结论 SUVmax对孤立性肺空洞良恶性的鉴别价值有限,综合影像分析法有助于提高孤立性肺空洞诊断的效能。 -
关键词:
- 氟脱氧葡萄糖F18 /
- 正电子发射断层显像术 /
- 体层摄影术,X线计算机 /
- 体层摄影术,螺旋计算机 /
- 孤立性肺空洞
Abstract:Objective To analyze the maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) threshold to distinguish benign and malignant solitary pulmonary cavity (SPV) and the efficacy of the comprehensive imaging analysis of SPV. Methods The clinical data of 56 patients with SPV who underwent 18F-FDG PET/CT, thin slice spiral CT, and enhanced CT in Xiamen University Zhongshan Hospital from October 2015 to October 2019 were analyzed retrospectively. The patients included 43 males and 13 females aged 41–82 (54.7±13.4) years old. By constructing and analyzing the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, the optimal SUVmax threshold was calculated, and its diagnostic efficiency was evaluated. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and the accuracy rate of 18F-FDG PET/CT, thin slice spiral CT, enhanced CT, and the comprehensive imaging analysis (comprehensive evaluation of the diagnostic results of the three imaging methods) of benign and malignant SPV were calculated based on the results of the histopathological examination and follow-up along with clinical data. Independent sample t-test was used to compare measurement data, and chi-square test was used to compare counting data. Results Among the 56 patients with SPV, 39 cases had malignant lesions (69.6%), SUVmax=7.04±2.3, and 17 cases had benign lesions (30.4%), SUVmax=5.91±2.17. No significant difference was found in SUVmax between benign and malignant lesions (t=1.714, P=0.092). ROC curve analysis shows that the optimal critical value of SUVmax was 7.05, the area under the ROC curve was 0.652, and the 95% confidence interval was in the range 0.494–0.809. When SUVmax=7.05, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and the accuracy rate were 46.2% (18/39), 82.4% (14/17), 85.7% (18/21), 40.0% (14/35), and 57.1% (32/56), respectively. The sensitivity rates of comprehensive imaging analysis, PET/CT, thin slice spiral CT, and enhanced CT in the diagnosis of SPV were 94.9% (37/39), 76.9% (30/39), 82.1% (32/39), and 71.8% (28/39); the specificity rates were 76.5% (13/17), 64.7% (11 /17), 35.3% (6/17), and 76.5% (13/17); the PPVs were 90.2% (37/41), 83.3% (30/36), 74.4% (32/43), and 87.5% (28/32); the NPVs were 86.7% (13/15), 55.0% (11/20), 46.2% (6/13), and 54.2% (13/ 24); and the diagnostic accuracy rates were 89.3% (50/56), 73.2% (41/56), 67.9% (38/56), and 73.2% (41/56), respectively. Conclusions SUVmax has a limited value in differentiating benign and malignant SPV. Comprehensive imaging analysis helps improve the diagnostic accuracy of SPV. -
表 1 不同影像学方法鉴别56例孤立性肺空洞患者良恶性 的诊断结果[例(%)]
Table 1. Differential diagnosis of 56 patients with solitary pulmonary cavity by different imaging methods (case (%))
诊断方法 组织病理学检查或随访结果 χ2值 P值 恶性(n=39) 良性(n=17) 18F-FDG PET/CT 30(76.9) 6(35.3) 8.936 0.003 9(23.1) 11(64.7) 薄层螺旋CT 32(82.1) 11(64.7) 1.144 0.285 7(17.9) 6(35.3) 增强CT 28(71.8) 4(23.5) 11.262 0.001 11(28.2) 13(76.5) 综合影像分析法 37(94.9) 4(23.5) 38.678 <0.001 2(5.1) 13(76.5) 注:综合影像分析法为对18F-FDG PET/CT、薄层螺旋CT、增强CT的诊断结果进行综合评估。FDG为氟脱氧葡萄糖;PET为正电子发射断层显像术;CT为计算机体层摄影术 表 2 不同影像学方法和临床资料鉴别56例孤立性肺空洞患者良恶性的诊断结果[例(%)]
Table 2. Differential diagnosis of 56 patients with solitary pulmonary cavity by different imaging methods and clinical data (case (%))
诊断方法 诊断项目 组织病理学检查或随访结果 χ2值 P值 恶性(n=39) 良性(n=17) 18F-FDG PET/CT SUVmax 4.105 0.043 ≥7.05 18(46.2) 3(17.6) < 7.05 21(53.8) 14(82.4) SUV分布 1.352 0.245 不均匀 29(74.4) 10(58.8) 均匀 10(25.6) 7(41.2) 薄层螺旋CT 空洞位置 0.01 0.919 上叶 27(69.2) 12(70.6) 中/下叶 12(30.8) 5(29.4) 空洞直径 3.976 0.046 ≥3 mm 25(64.1) 6(35.3) <3 mm 14(35.9) 11(64.7) 空洞壁厚 0.337 0.562 ≥8 mm 22(56.4) 11(64.7) <8 mm 17(43.6) 6(35.3) 空洞形态 0.317 0.573 偏心 26(66.7) 10(58.8) 不偏心 13(33.3) 7(41.2) 恶性征象 10.028 0.002 有 29(74.4) 5(29.4) 无 10(25.6) 12(70.6) 增强CT 强化程度 10.315 0.001 ≥20 HU 31(79.5) 6(35.3) <20 HU 8(20.5) 11(64.7) 强化形态 15.23 <0.001 不均匀 35(89.7) 6(35.3) 均匀 4(10.3) 11(64.7) 强化类型 0.111 0.739 后期 27(69.2) 11(64.7) 早期 12(30.8) 6(35.3) 临床资料 肿瘤标志物 8.922 0.003 升高 33(84.6) 7(41.2) 正常 6(15.4) 10(58.8) 白细胞计数 1.117 0.291 升高 9(23.1) 7(41.2) 正常 30(76.9) 10(58.8) 空洞短期变化 27.438 <0.001 显著 0(0) 11(64.7) 不显著 39(100.0) 6(35.3) 注:FDG为氟脱氧葡萄糖;PET为正电子发射断层显像术;CT为计算机体层摄影术;SUVmax为最大标准化摄取值 表 3 3种影像学方法、SUVmax和综合影像分析法对56例孤立性肺空洞患者良恶性的诊断效能(%)
Table 3. Diagnostic efficacy of three imaging methods, SUVmax and comprehensive imaging analysis in 56 patients with solitary pulmonary cavity (%)
项目 SUVmax(7.05) 18F-FDG PET/CT 薄层螺旋CT 增强CT 综合影像分析法 灵敏度 46.2(18/39)a 76.9(30/39)a 82.1(32/39) 71.8(28/39)a 94.9(37/39) 特异度 82.4(14/17) 64.7(11/17) 35.3(6/17)a 76.5(13/17) 76.5(13/17) 准确率 57.1(32/56)a 73.2(41/56)a 67.9(38/56)a 73.2(41/56)a 89.3(50/56) 阳性预测值 85.7(18/21) 83.3(30/36) 74.4(32/43) 87.5(28/32) 90.2(37/41) 阴性预测值 40.0(14/35)a 55.0(11/20) 46.2(6/13) 54.2(13/24)a 86.7(13/15) 注:a表示与综合影像分析法相比,差异均有统计学意义(χ2=4.387~22.259,均P<0.05)。综合影像分析法为对18F-FDG PET/CT、薄层螺旋CT、增强CT的诊断结果进行综合评估。SUVmax为最大标准化摄取值;FDG为氟脱氧葡萄糖;PET为正电子发射断层显像术;CT为计算机体层摄影术 -
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