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甲状腺结节(thyroid nodule,TN)是一种常见的内分泌疾病,超声检查对其的检出率可达76%[1],是首选的检查方法。TN中甲状腺癌占7%~15%[2-3]。近30年来,世界范围内甲状腺癌的发病率持续上升[4],特别是中国女性甲状腺癌的发病率急剧上升[5]。高发病率引起的“结节恐慌症”导致了不必要的TN切除术数量显著增加。因此,TN评估的要点是良恶性的鉴别。甲状腺影像报告和数据系统(thyroid imaging reporting and data system, TI-RADS)4级结节不仅恶性率高且范围跨度大[6],是术前评估的难点;且超声检查诊断TN的灵敏度和特异度在不同研究中波动较大,分别为52%~97%和26.6%~83%[7]。本研究旨在探讨术前99TcmO4 −核素显像与血清TSH水平对超声检查提示高危TN(TI-RADS 4级结节)良恶性鉴别诊断的临床应用价值。
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本研究中201例患者均为单发TN,其中恶性TN组62例、良性TN组139例。201个TN中,经术后组织病理学检查结果证实为甲状腺癌62个(30.8%)、结节性甲状腺肿33个(16.4%)、甲状腺腺瘤81个(40.3%)、结节性甲状腺肿伴腺瘤25个(12.4%)。
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201个TN中,TI-RADS 4a级81个(40.3%),其中甲状腺癌9个(11%);TI-RADS 4b级70个(34.8%),其中甲状腺癌20个(29%);TI-RADS 4c级50个(24.9%),其中甲状腺癌33个(66%)。
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201个TN中,冷结节110个(54.7%),其中甲状腺癌40个(36.4%);凉结节67个(33.3%),其中甲状腺癌22个(33%);温结节24个(11.9%),无恶性TN。超声检查、99TcmO4 −核素显像与组织病理学检查结果的比较见表1。典型病例见图1。
检查结果 组织病理学检查结果 总计 甲状腺癌(n=62) 甲状腺腺瘤(n=81) 结节性甲状腺肿(n=33) 结节性甲状腺肿伴腺瘤(n=25) 超声检查 TI-RADS 4a级 9 38 19 15 81 TI-RADS 4b级 20 32 9 9 70 TI-RADS 4c级 33 11 5 1 50 99TcmO− 4核素显像 冷结节 40 53 12 5 110 凉结节 22 19 11 15 67 温结节 0 9 10 5 24 注:201例甲状腺结节患者均为单发,即为201个结节。TI-RADS为甲状腺影像报告和数据系统 表 1 3种检查方法对201例甲状腺结节患者的诊断结果比较(例)
Table 1. Comparison of results of three examination methods performed on 201 thyroid nodules (case)
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99TcmO4 −核素显像为凉、冷结节且超声分级为TI-RADS 4a级的69个结节中,甲状腺癌9个(13%)。99TcmO4 −核素显像为凉、冷结节且超声分级为TI-RADS 4b级的62个结节中,甲状腺癌20个(32%)。99TcmO4 −核素显像为凉、冷结节且超声分级为TI-RADS 4c级的46个结节中,甲状腺癌33个(72%)。TI-RADS 4a级凉、冷结节,TI-RADS 4b级凉、冷结节和TI-RADS 4c级凉、冷结节的恶性率的两两比较,差异均有统计学意义(χ2=6.995、41.015、16.471,均P<0.01,表2)。
联合检查结果 组织病理学检查结果 甲状腺癌 甲状腺腺瘤 结节性甲状腺肿 结节性甲状腺肿伴腺瘤 TI-RADS 4a级凉、冷结节(n=69) 9(13)ab 36(52)b 13(19)b 11(16)b TI-RADS 4b级凉、冷结节(n=62) 20(32)b 25(40) 8(13) 9(15)b TI-RADS 4c级凉、冷结节(n=46) 33(72) 11(24) 2(4) 0(0) 合计(n=177) 62(35.0) 72(40.7) 23(13.0) 20(11.3) 注:TI-RADS为甲状腺影像报告和数据系统。a表示与TI-RADS 4b级凉、冷结节相比,差异有统计学意义(χ2=6.995,P=0.008);b表示与TI-RADS 4c级凉、冷结节相比,差异均有统计学意义(χ2=5.111~41.015,均P<0.05) 表 2 201例甲状腺结节患者中177个凉、冷结节的99TcmO4 − 核素显像联合超声检查与组织病理学检查的结果比较[n(%)]
Table 2. Histopathology results compared with ultrasonography and 99TcmO4 − thyroid scintigraphy results for 177 patients with cool or cold nodules [n(%)]
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不同长径的TI-RADS 4级凉、冷结节的组织病理学检查结果见表3。由表3可知,长径≤10 mm的结节分别与10 mm<长径≤20 mm、长径>20 mm的结节的恶性率的差异有统计学意义(均P<0.01),10 mm<长径≤20 mm与长径>20 mm的结节的恶性率的差异无统计学意义。TI-RADS 4级凉、冷结节中,长径≤20 mm的结节共111个,其中甲状腺癌25个(22.5%);长径>20 mm的结节共66个,其中甲状腺癌37个(56%),两者恶性率的差异有统计学意义(χ2=20.456,P<0.01)。
组别 组织病理学检查结果 甲状腺癌 甲状腺腺瘤 结节性甲状腺肿 结节性甲状腺肿伴腺瘤 长径≤10 mm(n=62) 4(6)ab 35(56) 13(21) 10(16) 10 mm<长径≤20 mm(n=49) 21(43) 14(29) 9(18) 5(10) 长径>20 mm(n=66) 37(56) 23(35) 1(2) 5(8) 合计(n=177) 62(35.0) 72(40.7) 23(13.0) 20(11.3) 注:TI-RADS为甲状腺影像报告和数据系统。a表示与10 mm<长径≤20 mm组相比,差异有统计学意义(χ2=20.788,P<0.01);b表示与长径>20 mm组相比,差异有统计学意义(χ2=36.138,P<0.01) 表 3 177个TI-RADS 4级凉、冷结节不同长径分组的组织病理学检查的结果[n(%)]
Table 3. Histopathology results of three different longest diameter thyroid imaging reporting and data system category-4 cool or cold nodules [n(%)]
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恶性TN组患者术前TSH水平较良性TN组高,分别为(1.59±0.32)、(1.29±0.45) μIU/mL,差异有统计学意义(t=4.752,P<0.01)。由表4可知,TI-RADS 4a、TI-RADS 4b、TI-RADS 4c级结节患者的术前血清TSH水平之间的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术前TSH水平鉴别甲状腺TI-RADS 4级结节良恶性的ROC曲线见图2。由图2可见,以1.525 μIU/mL作为血清TSH水平诊断良恶性结节的临界值,所得的灵敏度为75.8%、特异度为70.5%,AUC为0.741(95%CI: 0.666~0.816)。
结节分级 个数 长径(mm) TSH水平(μIU/mL) TI-RADS 4a级 81 23.4±14.7 1.50±0.38 TI-RADS 4b级 70 15.6±11.9 1.31±0.29 TI-RADS 4c级 50 16.9±9.5 1.59±0.25 F值 8.188 1.313 P值 <0.01 0.089 注:TI-RADS为甲状腺影像报告和数据系统;TSH为促甲状腺激素 表 4 201个TI-RADS 4级甲状腺结节的长径和术前血清 TSH水平的比较(
)$ \bar x \pm s$ Table 4. Comparison of 201 thyroid imaging reporting and data system category-4 thyroid nodules diameter and serum thyroid stimulating hormone level (
)$\bar x \pm s$ 图 2 血清促甲状腺激素水平鉴别甲状腺影像报告和数据系统4级结节良恶性的受试者工作特征曲线图
Figure 2. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis determined the optimal cutoff value of thyroid stimulating hormone level for differential diagnosis of thyroid imaging reporting and data system category-4 thyroid nodules
根据术前TSH水平将所有患者分为5组:TSH≤0.27 μIU/mL者6例,0.27 μIU/mL<TSH≤1.20 μIU/mL者47例,1.20 μIU/mL<TSH≤2.00 μIU/mL者104例,2.00 μIU/mL<TSH≤4.20 μIU/mL者43例,TSH>4.20 μIU/mL者1例。趋势χ2检验结果显示,随着TSH水平的升高(包括处于正常参考值范围内的TSH),TN的恶性率也随之升高(χ2=27.513,P<0.01)。
恶性TN组中长径≤10 mm结节患者术前TSH水平较良性TN组高,差异无统计学意义[(1.79±0.62)μIU/mL对(1.54±0.73)μIU/mL,t=0.680,P=0.927];恶性TN组中10 mm<长径≤20 mm结节患者术前TSH水平较良性TN组高,差异有统计学意义[(1.76±0.59)μIU/mL对(1.38±0.53)μIU/mL,t=2.409,P=0.021];恶性TN组中长径>20 mm结节患者术前TSH水平较良性TN组高,差异有统计学意义[(1.96±0.57)μIU/mL对(1.21±0.60)μIU/mL,t=5.513,P<0.01];但恶性TN组中不同长径的3组患者的术前血清TSH水平的组间差异无统计学意义(F=0.223,P=0.800)。
99TcmO4 −核素显像与血清TSH水平对超声检查提示高危甲状腺结节的鉴别诊断价值
Differential diagnostic value of 99TcmO4 − thyroid scintigraphy and serum TSH in high-risk thyroid nodules revealed by ultrasonography
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摘要:
目的 探讨99TcmO4 −核素显像与血清促甲状腺激素(TSH)水平对甲状腺影像报告和数据系统(TI-RADS)4级甲状腺结节(TN)良恶性鉴别诊断的临床应用价值。 方法 回顾性分析2017年10月至2019年12月于桂林医学院附属医院接受TN切除术或细针穿刺细胞学检查明确诊断的201例TN患者资料(甲状腺超声检查、99TcmO4 −核素显像和血清TSH水平检测),其中男性54例、女性147例,年龄20~75(49.1±13.2)岁。以术后组织病理学检查结果为“金标准”,将所有患者分为恶性TN组和良性TN组;根据超声检查结果中结节的长径将恶性TN组和良性TN组中所有结节分别分为3个亚组:长径≤10 mm、10 mm<长径≤20 mm、长径>20 mm。采用两独立样本t检验、独立四格表χ2检验比较2组患者的基本资料,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析;采用受试者工作特征曲线分析TSH水平诊断良恶性TN的最佳临界值,并计算诊断效能;采用趋势χ2检验分析术前TSH水平与甲状腺癌的相关性。 结果 201例患者均为单发TN,其中恶性TN组62例、良性TN组139例。组织病理学检查结果显示,201个TN中,甲状腺癌62个(30.8%)、结节性甲状腺肿33个(16.4%)、甲状腺腺瘤81个(40.3%)、结节性甲状腺肿伴腺瘤25个(12.4%);超声检查结果显示,201个TN中,TI-RADS 4a级81个(40.3%),其中甲状腺癌9个(11%);TI-RADS 4b级70个(34.8%),其中甲状腺癌20个(29%);TI-RADS 4c级50个(24.9%),其中甲状腺癌33个(66%);99TcmO4 −核素显像结果显示,201个TN中,冷结节110个(54.7%),其中甲状腺癌40个(36.4%);凉结节67个(33.3%),其中甲状腺癌22个(33%);温结节24个(11.9%),无恶性TN。甲状腺99TcmO4 −核素显像联合超声检查结果显示,凉、冷结节且超声检查分级为TI-RADS 4c级的结节恶性率(72%,33/46)最高。恶性TN组患者术前TSH水平较良性TN组高,分别为(1.59±0.32)、(1.29±0.45) μIU/mL,且差异有统计学意义(t=4.752,P<0.01)。趋势χ2检验分析结果显示,随着TSH水平的升高,TN恶性率也随之升高(χ2=27.513,P<0.01),而恶性TN组中长径≤10 mm、10 mm<长径≤20 mm、长径>20 mm的患者术前TSH水平的差异无统计学意义(F=0.223,P=0.800)。对于术前良恶性TN的鉴别,TSH水平诊断的最佳临界值为1.525 μIU/mL,曲线下面积为0.741(95%CI:0.666~0.816)、灵敏度为75.8%、特异度为70.5%。 结论 99TcmO4 −核素显像提供的功能状态信息进一步提高了TI-RADS 4级TN的鉴别诊断效能,而术前TSH水平在术前评估中的作用尚不明确。 Abstract:Objective To evaluate the diagnostic value of 99TcmO4 − thyroid imaging and serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) for differentiating benign and malignant thyroid imaging reporting and data system (TI-RADS) category-4 thyroid nodules (TNs). Methods The clinical data (thyroid ultrasonography, 99TcmO4 − thyroid scintigraphy, and TSH levels) of 201 TN patients who underwent surgery or fine-needle aspiration cytology diagnosis from October 2017 to December 2019 at the Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical College were analyzed retrospectively. Among these patients, 54 were males and 147 were females, aged 20–75 (49.1±13.2) years. Post-operative histopathology result was used as the gold standard to classify the patients as malignant TN and benign TN groups. The TN group was divided into three subgroups based on the maximum nodule diameter through ultrasonography: diameter ≤ 10 mm, 10 mm < diameter ≤ 20 mm, diameter > 20 mm. The basic data of the two groups were compared using two-sample t-test and independent four-cell table chi-square test, and one-way ANOVA was used for the comparison among groups. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was adopted to determine the optimal cutoff value of TSH between malignant and benign TNs, and the diagnostic efficiency was calculated. Trend chi-square test was conducted to assess the relationship between TSH level and thyroid carcinoma. Results All 201 patients had a single TN, of which 62 were in malignant TN group, 139 were in benign TN group. The histopathological findings revealed that among the 201 TNs, 62 were thyroid cancer (30.8%), 33 were nodular goiter (16.4%), 81 were thyroid adenomas (40.3%), and 25 were nodular goiter with adenoma (12.4%). Ultrasonography results revealed that 81 were TI-RADS 4a nodules (40.3%), including 9 thyroid cancer (11%); 70 were TI-RADS 4b nodules (34.8%), including 20 thyroid cancer (29%); and 50 were TI-RADS 4c nodules (24.9%), including 33 thyroid cancer (66%). The findings of 99TcmO4 − thyroid scintigraphy demonstrated that 110 were cold nodules (54.7%), including 40 thyroid cancer (36.4%); 67 were cool nodules (33.3%), including 22 thyroid cancer (33%); and 24 were warm nodules (11.9%), without malignant TNs. The malignant rate of TI-RADS 4c cool or cold nodules was determined to be the highest by using the combination of 99TcmO4 − thyroid scintigraphy and ultrasonography (72%, 33/46). The preoperative serum TSH levels of the malignant TN group [(1.59±0.32) μIU/mL] were higher than those of the benign TN group [(1.29±0.45) μIU/mL], and the difference was statistically significant (t=4.752, P<0.01). Trend chi-square test showed that a higher TSH level was correlated with a higher incidence of thyroid cancer (χ2=27.513, P<0.01). However, no statistical differences in preoperative serum TSH levels were found among the three different-diameter malignant TN groups (F=0.223, P=0.800). ROC curve analysis showed the optimum cutoff value of TSH for differential diagnosis between malignant and benign TNs. The diagnostic efficiency of TSH was the highest at 1.525 μIU/mL, with an area under curve of 0.741 (95%CI: 0.666–0.816), specificity of 75.8%, and sensitivity of 70.5%. Conclusions 99TcmO4 − thyroid scintigraphy may help evaluate the 99TcmO4 − uptake functions of TNs, which clearly improved the diagnostic accuracy for TI-RADS category-4 TNs in clinical work. The role of preoperative serum TSH in the presurgical evaluation of TNs remains unclear. -
Key words:
- Thyroid nodule /
- Sodium pertechnetate Tc 99m /
- Radionuclide imaging /
- Ultrasonography /
- Thyrotropin
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表 1 3种检查方法对201例甲状腺结节患者的诊断结果比较(例)
Table 1. Comparison of results of three examination methods performed on 201 thyroid nodules (case)
检查结果 组织病理学检查结果 总计 甲状腺癌(n=62) 甲状腺腺瘤(n=81) 结节性甲状腺肿(n=33) 结节性甲状腺肿伴腺瘤(n=25) 超声检查 TI-RADS 4a级 9 38 19 15 81 TI-RADS 4b级 20 32 9 9 70 TI-RADS 4c级 33 11 5 1 50 99TcmO− 4核素显像 冷结节 40 53 12 5 110 凉结节 22 19 11 15 67 温结节 0 9 10 5 24 注:201例甲状腺结节患者均为单发,即为201个结节。TI-RADS为甲状腺影像报告和数据系统 表 2 201例甲状腺结节患者中177个凉、冷结节的99TcmO4 − 核素显像联合超声检查与组织病理学检查的结果比较[n(%)]
Table 2. Histopathology results compared with ultrasonography and 99TcmO4 − thyroid scintigraphy results for 177 patients with cool or cold nodules [n(%)]
联合检查结果 组织病理学检查结果 甲状腺癌 甲状腺腺瘤 结节性甲状腺肿 结节性甲状腺肿伴腺瘤 TI-RADS 4a级凉、冷结节(n=69) 9(13)ab 36(52)b 13(19)b 11(16)b TI-RADS 4b级凉、冷结节(n=62) 20(32)b 25(40) 8(13) 9(15)b TI-RADS 4c级凉、冷结节(n=46) 33(72) 11(24) 2(4) 0(0) 合计(n=177) 62(35.0) 72(40.7) 23(13.0) 20(11.3) 注:TI-RADS为甲状腺影像报告和数据系统。a表示与TI-RADS 4b级凉、冷结节相比,差异有统计学意义(χ2=6.995,P=0.008);b表示与TI-RADS 4c级凉、冷结节相比,差异均有统计学意义(χ2=5.111~41.015,均P<0.05) 表 3 177个TI-RADS 4级凉、冷结节不同长径分组的组织病理学检查的结果[n(%)]
Table 3. Histopathology results of three different longest diameter thyroid imaging reporting and data system category-4 cool or cold nodules [n(%)]
组别 组织病理学检查结果 甲状腺癌 甲状腺腺瘤 结节性甲状腺肿 结节性甲状腺肿伴腺瘤 长径≤10 mm(n=62) 4(6)ab 35(56) 13(21) 10(16) 10 mm<长径≤20 mm(n=49) 21(43) 14(29) 9(18) 5(10) 长径>20 mm(n=66) 37(56) 23(35) 1(2) 5(8) 合计(n=177) 62(35.0) 72(40.7) 23(13.0) 20(11.3) 注:TI-RADS为甲状腺影像报告和数据系统。a表示与10 mm<长径≤20 mm组相比,差异有统计学意义(χ2=20.788,P<0.01);b表示与长径>20 mm组相比,差异有统计学意义(χ2=36.138,P<0.01) 表 4 201个TI-RADS 4级甲状腺结节的长径和术前血清 TSH水平的比较(
)$ \bar x \pm s$ Table 4. Comparison of 201 thyroid imaging reporting and data system category-4 thyroid nodules diameter and serum thyroid stimulating hormone level (
)$\bar x \pm s$ 结节分级 个数 长径(mm) TSH水平(μIU/mL) TI-RADS 4a级 81 23.4±14.7 1.50±0.38 TI-RADS 4b级 70 15.6±11.9 1.31±0.29 TI-RADS 4c级 50 16.9±9.5 1.59±0.25 F值 8.188 1.313 P值 <0.01 0.089 注:TI-RADS为甲状腺影像报告和数据系统;TSH为促甲状腺激素 -
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