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我国核医学起源于20世纪50年代,随着影像学技术的迅速发展和放射性同位素药物的广泛应用,该学科及其诊疗技术已成为临床医学的重要分支。中华医学会核医学分会每两年对全国核医学现状进行普查,我国核医学发展整体呈现快速增长趋势,最近一次(2020年)的报告显示,全国共有1148家医院开展了核医学诊疗工作,拥有427台正电子显像设备,903台单光子显像设备,年检查总病例数约339.92万例[1]。2008年联合国原子辐射效应科学委员会的报告显示,医疗照射是最大的人工电离辐射来源,并且其年集体有效剂量呈上升趋势,在卫生保健水平较高的国家,医疗照射剂量可达到天然本底照射剂量的80%,其中,全球每年约有3270万人次接受核医学检查,年集体有效剂量近10年增加了35%,约为2.02万人·Sv[2]。核医学诊疗技术在临床诊断、治疗及研究等方面具有重要作用,且近几年诊疗数量及频率大幅增加,但在诊疗过程中需要患者摄入放射性药物,导致患者不可避免地接受一定剂量的电离辐射。因此,开展核医学诊疗中患者内照射剂量的研究和准确评估尤为重要。
核医学诊疗中患者内照射的研究进展
Internal irradiation of patients in the diagnosis and treatment of nuclear medicine
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摘要: 在核医学诊疗中,放射性核素不仅照射患者体内的靶器官,同时对其他正常的组织和器官也会产生照射。笔者介绍了国内外与核医学有关的人体辐射剂量模型发展趋势,重点针对核医学常用的3种放射性核素(18F、99Tcm、131I)标记的显像剂导致患者内照射剂量及其影响因素进行综述,为研究核医学诊疗患者内照射剂量与辐射防护工作提供参考。Abstract: In the diagnosis and treatment of nuclear medicine, radionuclides irradiate not only the target organs in the patient, but also other normal tissues and organs. This paper introduces the development trend of human radiation dose models at home and abroad, and reviewed the internal doses of three radionuclide (18F, 99Tcm, 131I) labeled imaging agents commonly used in nuclear medicine and its influencing factors. It provides a reference for the study of radiation dose and radiation protection in nuclear medicine diagnosis and treatment.
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Key words:
- Nuclear medicine /
- Radiation protection /
- Manikins /
- Internal irradiation /
- Effective dose
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