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肺神经内分泌肿瘤(pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors,PNETs)约占原发性肺癌的25%,其在神经内分泌肿瘤中的发病率仅次于胃肠道内分泌肿瘤[1]。PNETs起源于支气管黏膜的神经内分泌细胞,能够产生并分泌胺类和多肽激素[2]。2015年,WHO在肺肿瘤的新分类中,将PNETs分为4种亚型:典型类癌(typical carcinoid,TC)、不典型类癌(atypical carcinoid,AC)、大细胞神经内分泌癌(large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma,LCNEC)和小细胞肺癌(small cell lung carcinoma,SCLC)[3]。PNETs亚型的治疗方法和预后各有不同,因此早期准确诊断尤为重要。相较于其他影像学检查方法,18F-FDG PET/CT检测肿瘤及转移灶具有显著的优势,可以根据SUVmax对肿瘤的良恶性作出初步诊断,增强CT与高分辨率CT(high resolution CT,HRCT)对肿瘤的内部细节、血液供应及周围组织侵犯等情况显示良好。以往的研究一般以单纯CT或PET/CT为主[4-5],将PET/CT和CT(包括增强CT和HRCT)同时纳入的研究较少,故本研究回顾性分析44例经组织病理学检查证实的PNETs患者的临床资料和CT、PET/CT影像学资料,探讨PNETs的CT与PET/CT影像学特征,比较单纯PET/CT与基于PET/CT联合增强CT及HRCT的多模态显像的诊断准确率,旨在进一步提高临床医师对PNETs的认知和诊断水平。
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由表1可知,类癌组患者的发病年龄低于LCNEC组与SCLC组患者,且差异有统计学意义(P=0.004);在性别、吸烟史等方面与LCNEC组和SCLC组患者的差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。
组别 年龄( ±s,岁)$ \bar {x} $ 男性/女性(例) 吸烟史[例(%)] 类癌组(n=8) 46.62±8.09 5/3 3(37.5) LCNEC组(n=15) 61.47±8.03 12/3 12(80.0) SCLC组(n=21) 58.52±9.39 17/4 15(71.4) 检验值 F=6.186 χ2=1.220 χ2=4.539 P值 P=0.004 P=0.570 P=0.137 注:类癌组包括典型类癌患者5例、不典型类癌患者3例;LCNEC为大细胞神经内分泌癌;SCLC为小细胞肺癌 表 1 44例肺神经内分泌肿瘤患者临床资料的比较
Table 1. Comparison of clinical data of 44 patients with pulmonary neuroendocrine tumor
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LCNEC组患者中有12例为周围型,而类癌组患者和SCLC组患者以中央型多见,分别为6例和14例,组间差异有统计学意义(χ2=9.662,P=0.010)。
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类癌组患者的病灶形态规则,多数(5/8)呈圆形和类圆形(图1);LCNEC组和SCLC组患者的病灶形态多不规则。LCNEC组中11例患者的病灶可见分叶征(图2),与类癌组和SCLC组比较,差异有统计学意义(χ2=9.457,P=0.011)(表2)。
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由表2可知,类癌组患者的病灶密度较均匀,3例患者的病灶伴有坏死、囊变,1例患者的病灶内出现少许点状钙化灶。LCNEC组与SCLC组患者的病灶密度多不均匀,6例患者的病灶内出现斑点状钙化灶(LCNEC组2例、SCLC组4例),LCNEC组和SCLC组有26例患者的病灶内出现坏死、囊变区。3组间患者病灶内的钙化和坏死率的差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。41例行增强CT扫描的患者中,4例类癌患者明显强化、3例类癌患者中度强化,11例LCNEC患者轻-中度强化、3例LCNEC患者明显强化,13例SCLC患者明显强化、7例SCLC患者轻-中度强化,3组间强化程度的差异无统计学意义(P=0.065)(表2)。
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类癌组和SCLC组中合并阻塞性肺炎和(或)肺不张的患者分别为7例和11例,而LCNEC组中仅3例,3组间的差异有统计学意义(χ2=9.877,P=0.006)(表2)。
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行增强CT扫描的41例患者中,CT图像显示周围血管侵犯19例,其中SCLC组13例(图3)、LCNEC组6例,类癌组患者无周围血管侵犯,3组间差异有统计学意义(χ2=8.913,P=0.009)(表2)。
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由表2可知,出现肺门淋巴结转移、纵隔淋巴结转移、肺门及纵隔淋巴结同时转移的患者分别为24例、25例和19例,且类癌组、LCNEC组和SCLC组3组间的差异均有统计学意义(均 P<0.05)。对类癌组、LCNEC组和SCLC组患者分别在肺门淋巴结转移、纵隔淋巴结转移、肺门及纵隔淋巴结同时转移方面进行两两比较,结果显示,仅SCLC组与类癌组的差异有统计学意义(χ2=6.807、6.448、5.663,均P<0.05),而LCNEC组与SCLC、类癌组的差异均无统计学意义(χ2=0.167~3.306,均P>0.05)。远处转移患者共16例,3组间的差异有统计学意义(P=0.025)(表2)。对远处转移情况进行两两比较,结果显示,SCLC组与类癌组、LCNEC组的差异均有统计学意义(χ2=4.668、4.967,均P<0.05)(表2)。
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由表2可知,3组患者在肿瘤最大径、密度、强化程度、有无毛刺征、支气管侵犯、胸膜增厚和胸腔积液等方面的差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。
组别 形态 密度 钙化 分叶征 类圆形 不规则 均匀 不均匀 有 无 有 无 类癌组(n=8) 5 3 4 4 1 7 5 3 LCNEC组(n=15) 4 11 4 11 2 13 11 4 SCLC组(n=21) 5 16 6 15 4 17 5 16 检验值 χ2=3.726 χ2=1.504 χ2=0.298 χ2=9.457 P值 0.189 0.574 1.000 0.011 组别 毛刺征 阻塞性肺炎或肺不张 强化程度 坏死、囊变 有 无 有 无 轻 中 明显 有 无 类癌组(n=8) 2 6 7 1 0 3 4 3 5 LCNEC组(n=15) 7 8 3 12 5 6 3 11 4 SCLC组(n=21) 5 16 11 10 3 4 13 15 6 检验值 χ2=2.316 χ2=9.877 χ2=8.472 χ2=3.526 P值 0.300 0.006 0.065 0.211 组别 肺门淋巴结转移 纵隔淋巴结转移 肺门及纵隔淋巴结同时转移 有 无 有 无 有 无 类癌组(n=8) 1 7 2 6 1 7 LCNEC组(n=15) 9 6 7 8 5 10 SCLC组(n=21) 14 7 16 5 13 8 检验值 χ2=7.128 χ2=7.143 χ2=6.662 P值 0.036 0.028 0.041 组别 胸腔积液 胸膜增厚 支气管侵犯 周围血管侵犯 有 无 有 无 有 无 有 无 类癌组(n=8) 1 7 4 4 5 3 0 7 LCNEC组(n=15) 3 12 7 8 8 7 6 8 SCLC组(n=21) 7 14 12 9 13 8 13 7 检验值 χ2=1.644 χ2=0.405 χ2=0.312 χ2=8.913 P值 0.474 0.921 0.920 0.009 组别 远处转移 肿瘤部位 肿瘤最大径( ,cm)$ \bar {x}\pm s$ SUVmax( )$ \bar {x}\pm s $ 有 无 中央型 周围型 类癌组(n=8) 1 7 6 2 4.40±2.84 4.52±1.77 LCNEC组(n=15) 3 12 3 12 4.13±2.27 13.79±3.06 SCLC组(n=21) 12 9 14 7 4.90±2.55 9.51±2.49 检验值 χ2=7.622 χ2=9.662 F=0.370 F=32.43 P值 0.025 0.010 0.693 P<0.01 注:类癌组包括典型类癌患者5例和不典型类癌患者3例。CT为计算机体层摄影术;FDG为氟脱氧葡萄糖;PET正电子发射断层显像术;LCNEC为大细胞神经内分泌癌;SCLC为小细胞肺癌;SUVmax为最大标准化摄取值 表 2 44例肺神经内分泌肿瘤患者CT与18F-FDG PET/CT的显像特征(例)
Table 2. Imaging features of CT and 18F-FDG PET/CT in 44 patients with pulmonary neuroendocrine tumor (case)
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PET/CT图像分析结果显示,LCNEC组的SUVmax(13.79±3.06)和SCLC组的SUVmax(9.51±2.49)明显高于类癌组的SUVmax(4.52±1.77),且差异有统计学意义(F=32.43,P<0.01)。采用ROC曲线分析SUVmax鉴别LCNEC与SCLC的临界值为12.25,AUC为0.860(95%CI:0.729~0.991,P<0.01),灵敏度为80.00%,特异度为81.00%(图4)。
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单纯PET/CT与基于PET/CT联合增强CT及HRCT的多模态显像诊断PNETs的准确率分别为65.91%(29/44)和87.80%(36/41),且差异有统计学意义(χ2=5.655,P=0.017)。
肺神经内分泌肿瘤的CT与18F-FDG PET/CT显像特征的分析
Analysis of CT and 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging features of pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors
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摘要:
目的 探讨肺神经内分泌肿瘤(PNETs)的CT与18F-氟脱氧葡萄糖(FDG)PET/CT显像特征,比较单纯PET/CT与基于PET/CT联合增强CT及高分辨率CT多模态显像的诊断准确率。 方法 回顾性分析2010年1月至2019年5月于西南医科大学附属医院经组织病理学检查确诊的44例PNETs患者的临床资料和CT、PET/CT影像学资料,其中男性34例、女性10例,年龄14~78(57.3±10.0)岁。将PNETs患者分为类癌组(8例)、大细胞神经内分泌癌(LCNEC)组(15例)和小细胞肺癌(SCLC)组(21例)。分析所有患者的CT与PET/CT表现,观察PNETs各亚型的CT与PET/CT显像特征。采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析计算最大标准化摄取值(SUVmax)的诊断效能及临界值。以组织病理学检查结果为“金标准”,比较单纯PET/CT与基于PET/CT联合增强CT及高分辨率CT多模态显像的诊断准确率。计量资料的多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,两组间比较采用最小显著差异法;计数资料的比较采用χ2检验和Fisher确切概率法。 结果 类癌组患者的发病年龄低于LCNEC组与SCLC组患者[(46.62±8.09)岁对(61.47±8.03)岁对(58.52±9.39)岁],且差异有统计学意义(F=6.186,P=0.004);在性别、吸烟史等方面与LCNEC组和SCLC组患者的差异均无统计学意义(χ2=1.220、4.539;均P>0.05)。类癌组、LCNEC组、SCLC组患者在肿瘤部位、有无分叶征、阻塞性肺炎或肺不张、纵隔淋巴结转移、肺门淋巴结转移、纵隔及肺门淋巴结同时转移、远处转移、周围血管侵犯等方面的差异均有统计学意义(χ2=6.662~9.877,均P<0.05);而在肿瘤最大径、肿瘤形态、密度、强化程度、有无钙化、毛刺征、有无坏死和囊变、胸腔积液、支气管侵犯和胸膜增厚等方面的差异均无统计学意义(F=0.370,χ2=0.298~8.472;均P>0.05)。LCNEC组和SCLC组的SUVmax显著高于类癌组(13.79±3.06对9.51±2.49对4.52±1.77),且差异有统计学意义(F=32.43,P<0.01);鉴别LCNEC和SCLC的SUVmax临界值为12.25,曲线下面积为0.860(95%CI:0.729~0.991,P<0.01),灵敏度为80.00%,特异度为81.00%。单纯PET/CT与基于PET/CT联合增强CT及高分辨率CT多模态显像诊断PNETs的准确率分别为65.91%(29/44)和87.80%(36/41),且差异有统计学意义(χ2=5.655,P=0.017)。 结论 PNETs的CT与PET/CT显像具有一定特征性,PET/CT联合增强CT及高分辨率CT多模态显像可提高PNETs的诊断准确率。 -
关键词:
- 神经内分泌瘤 /
- 肺肿瘤 /
- 正电子发射断层显像术 /
- 体层摄影术,X线计算机 /
- 显像特征
Abstract:Objective To investigate the CT and 18FDG-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/CT imaging features of pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) and to compare the accuracies of PNETs diagnosis based on PET/CT and the multimodal diagnostics of PET/CT combined with enhanced CT and high-resolution CT. Methods The clinical, CT, and PET/CT data of 44 patients with PNETs diagnosed via histopathological examination in the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University from January 2010 to May 2019 were analyzed retrospectively. The patients comprised 34 males and 10 females aged 14–78 (57.3±10.0) years. All patients were divided into the carcinoid group (8 cases), the large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma group (LCNEC, 15 cases), and the small-cell lung cancer group (SCLC, 21 cases). The CT and PET/CT features of the PNETs were investigated and analyzed. The diagnostic efficacy and critical value of maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) were analyzed and calculated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. By taking the results of histopathological examination as the gold standard, the accuracies of PNET diagnosis based on PET/CT and the multimodal diagnostics of PET/CT combined with enhanced CT and high-resolution CT were compared. Measurement data were compared by using one-way analysis of variance, and the least significant difference method was used to compare the two groups. The qualitative data were compared by applying χ2 test or Fisher's exact probability method. Results The age of the carcinoid group was lower than that of the LCNEC and SCLC groups (46.62±8.09 vs. 61.47±8.03 vs. 58.52±9.39), and the difference was statistically significant (F=6.186, P=0.004). However, no significant difference in sex and smoking history (χ2=1.220, 4.539; both P>0.05) was found. Significant differences were discovered in the location, lobulation, obstructive pneumonia or atelectasis, mediastinal lymph node metastasis, hilar lymph node metastasis, simultaneous mediastinal and hilar lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, and vascular invasion in patients in the carcinoid, LCNEC, and SCLC groups (χ2=6.662–9.877, all P<0.05). However, no significant difference was found in maximum diameter, shape, density, enhancement degree, calcification, spiculation, necrosis and cystic degeneration, pleural effusion, bronchial invasion, pleural thickening (F=0.370, χ2=0.298–8.472, all P>0.05). The SUVmax of the LCNEC and SCLC groups was significantly higher than that of the carcinoid group (13.79±3.06 vs. 9.51±2.49 vs. 4.52±1.77), and the difference was statistically significant (F=32.43, P<0.01). For differentiating LCNEC from SCLC, the cutoff value of SUVmax was 12.25, the area under curve was 0.860 (95%CI: 0.729−0.991, P<0.01), the sensitivity was 80.00%, and the specificity was 81.00%. The accuracy of PNETs diagnosis based on PET/CT was 65.91%(29/44) and that of the multimodal diagnostics of PET/CT combined with enhanced CT and high-resolution CT was 87.80%(36/41). The difference was statistically significant (χ2=5.655, P=0.017). Conclusions The CT and PET/CT manifestations of PNETs have certain characteristics, and the multimodal diagnostics of PET/CT combined with enhanced CT and high-resolution CT can improve the accuracy of diagnosing PNETs. -
表 1 44例肺神经内分泌肿瘤患者临床资料的比较
Table 1. Comparison of clinical data of 44 patients with pulmonary neuroendocrine tumor
组别 年龄( ±s,岁)$ \bar {x} $ 男性/女性(例) 吸烟史[例(%)] 类癌组(n=8) 46.62±8.09 5/3 3(37.5) LCNEC组(n=15) 61.47±8.03 12/3 12(80.0) SCLC组(n=21) 58.52±9.39 17/4 15(71.4) 检验值 F=6.186 χ2=1.220 χ2=4.539 P值 P=0.004 P=0.570 P=0.137 注:类癌组包括典型类癌患者5例、不典型类癌患者3例;LCNEC为大细胞神经内分泌癌;SCLC为小细胞肺癌 表 2 44例肺神经内分泌肿瘤患者CT与18F-FDG PET/CT的显像特征(例)
Table 2. Imaging features of CT and 18F-FDG PET/CT in 44 patients with pulmonary neuroendocrine tumor (case)
组别 形态 密度 钙化 分叶征 类圆形 不规则 均匀 不均匀 有 无 有 无 类癌组(n=8) 5 3 4 4 1 7 5 3 LCNEC组(n=15) 4 11 4 11 2 13 11 4 SCLC组(n=21) 5 16 6 15 4 17 5 16 检验值 χ2=3.726 χ2=1.504 χ2=0.298 χ2=9.457 P值 0.189 0.574 1.000 0.011 组别 毛刺征 阻塞性肺炎或肺不张 强化程度 坏死、囊变 有 无 有 无 轻 中 明显 有 无 类癌组(n=8) 2 6 7 1 0 3 4 3 5 LCNEC组(n=15) 7 8 3 12 5 6 3 11 4 SCLC组(n=21) 5 16 11 10 3 4 13 15 6 检验值 χ2=2.316 χ2=9.877 χ2=8.472 χ2=3.526 P值 0.300 0.006 0.065 0.211 组别 肺门淋巴结转移 纵隔淋巴结转移 肺门及纵隔淋巴结同时转移 有 无 有 无 有 无 类癌组(n=8) 1 7 2 6 1 7 LCNEC组(n=15) 9 6 7 8 5 10 SCLC组(n=21) 14 7 16 5 13 8 检验值 χ2=7.128 χ2=7.143 χ2=6.662 P值 0.036 0.028 0.041 组别 胸腔积液 胸膜增厚 支气管侵犯 周围血管侵犯 有 无 有 无 有 无 有 无 类癌组(n=8) 1 7 4 4 5 3 0 7 LCNEC组(n=15) 3 12 7 8 8 7 6 8 SCLC组(n=21) 7 14 12 9 13 8 13 7 检验值 χ2=1.644 χ2=0.405 χ2=0.312 χ2=8.913 P值 0.474 0.921 0.920 0.009 组别 远处转移 肿瘤部位 肿瘤最大径( ,cm)$ \bar {x}\pm s$ SUVmax( )$ \bar {x}\pm s $ 有 无 中央型 周围型 类癌组(n=8) 1 7 6 2 4.40±2.84 4.52±1.77 LCNEC组(n=15) 3 12 3 12 4.13±2.27 13.79±3.06 SCLC组(n=21) 12 9 14 7 4.90±2.55 9.51±2.49 检验值 χ2=7.622 χ2=9.662 F=0.370 F=32.43 P值 0.025 0.010 0.693 P<0.01 注:类癌组包括典型类癌患者5例和不典型类癌患者3例。CT为计算机体层摄影术;FDG为氟脱氧葡萄糖;PET正电子发射断层显像术;LCNEC为大细胞神经内分泌癌;SCLC为小细胞肺癌;SUVmax为最大标准化摄取值 -
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