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放射性核素骨显像以99Tcm-MDP为示踪剂,其原理是通过与骨的羟基磷灰石晶体发生离子交换、化学吸附及与骨组织中有机成分结合沉积于骨组织中而显影,被广泛用于评价原发性骨肿瘤、各种恶性肿瘤的骨转移、感染和骨折等[1]。对于肿瘤患儿,已有不少关于骨显像时骨外组织器官或软组织肿瘤摄取99Tcm-MDP的个案报道[2-4],但缺少较大样本的研究。儿童骨外软组织肿瘤99Tcm-MDP显影与肿瘤组织病理学的关系尚未见报道。笔者收集骨显像时骨外软组织肿瘤显影的肿瘤患儿,结合其他相关影像学检查及病理检查结果,回顾性分析肿瘤患儿摄取99Tcm-MDP的常见骨外软组织肿瘤、肿瘤的影像学特点及其与组织病理学的关系。
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33例肿瘤患儿骨外软组织肿瘤摄取99Tcm-MDP的情况见表1,以神经母细胞瘤最多见,其次为肾母及肝母细胞瘤。另外,结合其他相关检查(包括CT、MRI、超声以及病理学检查结果),1例患儿右颈部恶性肾外横纹肌样瘤(图1);1例患儿左大腿脉管瘤均表现为密度均匀的软组织肿瘤(图2);3例患儿骨肉瘤肺转移灶本身含有骨样基质,其余28例(28/33,84.8%)患儿的软组织肿瘤均伴有不同程度的坏死和(或)钙化(图3),其他具体数据见表2。SPECT/CT显像结果显示,肿瘤内含有钙化和坏死、具有钙化或坏死其中之一表现,以及其他原因引起的99Tcm-MDP摄取程度之间的差异无统计学意义(H=2.313, P=0.315)。所有显影的骨外软组织肿瘤的长径为1.5~30.0 cm。33例患儿中仅4例进行过增强CT检查,均表现为不均匀明显强化。
肿瘤分类 软组织肿瘤类型 例数(%) 放射性浓聚程度(例) + ++ +++ 母细胞瘤 神经母细胞瘤 15(45.5) 2 5 8 肾母细胞瘤 6(18.2) 2 2 2 肝母细胞瘤 4(12.1) 0 2 2 胰母细胞瘤 1(3.0) 1 0 0 间叶组织肿瘤 骨肉瘤肺转移灶 3(9.1) 0 1 2 恶性肾外横纹肌样瘤 1(3.0) 0 1 0 左大腿脉管瘤 1(3.0) 1 0 0 生殖细胞肿瘤 生殖细胞肿瘤 2(6.1) 0 0 2 合计 33 6 11 16 注:表中,以病灶区放射性高于正常下肢软组织,低于正常肋骨放射性分布为“+”;等于或高于正常肋骨放射性分布,低于正常胸骨体或脊柱放射性分布为“++”;等于或高于正常胸骨体或脊柱放射性分布为“+++”。MDP:亚甲基二膦酸盐 表 1 33例摄取99Tcm-MDP的患儿软组织肿瘤的类型和放射性浓聚程度的比较
Table 1. Types of pediatric soft tissue tumors and their degrees of 99Tcm-MDP uptake in 33 children patients
图 1 右颈部恶性肾外横纹肌样瘤99Tcm-MDP骨显像及CT图像(男患儿,2岁)
Figure 1. 99Tcm-MDP uptake in malignant extrarenal rhabdoid tumor in the right neck and its corresponding CT image (male, 2 years old)
图 2 左大腿软组织脉管瘤99Tcm-MDP骨显像及CT图像(男患儿,1岁)
Figure 2. 99Tcm-MDP uptake in the left thigh vascular tumor and its corresponding CT image (male, 1 year old)
浓聚程度 钙化伴坏死 坏死 钙化 其他a 合计 + 0 4(66.7) 1(16.7) 1(16.7) 6 ++ 6(54.5) 0 3(27.3) 2(18.2) 11 +++ 8(50.0) 0 6(37.5) 2(12.5) 16 合计 14 4 10 5 33 注:表中,a:包含骨外软组织肿瘤未见明显坏死及钙化2例(摄取99Tcm-MDP的程度分别为“+”、“++”各1例)及3例含有骨化基质(摄取99Tcm-MDP的程度表现为“++”1例,“+++”2例)的患者。以病灶区放射性高于正常下肢软组织,低于正常肋骨放射性分布为“+”;等于或高于正常肋骨放射性分布,低于正常胸骨体或脊柱放射性分布为“++”;等于或高于正常胸骨体或脊柱放射性分布为“+++” 表 2 33例患儿骨外软组织肿瘤中的钙化和坏死的情况 [例(%)]
Table 2. Main imaging features of pediatric extraosseous soft tissue tumors in 33 children patients
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33例不同病理分类患儿的软组织肿瘤中,摄取程度表现为“+”的6例(6/33, 18.2%),包括母细胞瘤5例(5/6, 83.3%)、间叶组织肿瘤1例(1/6, 16.7%);摄取程度为“++”的11例(11/33, 33.3%),包括母细胞瘤9例(9/11, 81.8%)、间叶组织肿瘤2例(2/11, 18.2%);摄取程度为“+++”的16例(16/33, 48.5%),包括母细胞瘤12例(12/16, 75.0%)、间叶组织肿瘤2例(2/16, 12.5%)、生殖细胞肿瘤2例(2/16, 12.5%)。3种不同病理类型的儿童软组织肿瘤摄取99Tcm-MDP程度的差异无统计学意义(H=1.993,P=0.369)。
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33例肿瘤患儿中,15例神经母细胞瘤患儿具有组织分化程度的详细诊断,包含以分化型为主的6例(6/15,40%),其中“+”1例,“++”4例,“+++”1例;以分化差型为主的9例(9/15,60%),其中“+”1例,“++”1例,“+++”7例。
儿童骨外软组织肿瘤摄取99Tcm-MDP的特点与肿瘤组织病理学的关系
The characteristics of 99Tcm-MDP uptakes in pediatric extraosseous soft tissue tumors on bone scintigraphy and its correlation with tumors histopathology
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摘要:
目的 探讨肿瘤患儿骨显像中骨外软组织肿瘤摄取99Tcm-亚甲基二膦酸盐(MDP)的特点,以及其与肿瘤组织病理学的关系。 方法 回顾性分析2008年12月至2018年12月在上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院和同济大学附属第十人民医院行骨显像的33例肿瘤患儿的临床资料,其中男患儿21例、女患儿12例,年龄3个月~10岁。根据病理学结果将肿瘤类型分为母细胞瘤、间叶组织肿瘤和生殖细胞肿瘤3大类。根据骨显像等影像学结果,将骨外软组织肿瘤的最高放射性浓聚程度从低到高分为“+”、“++”和“+++”, 分析骨显像的特点及其与肿瘤病理学的关系。软组织肿瘤摄取99Tcm-MDP的多组间比较采用Kruskal-Willis H秩和检验。 结果 33例患儿中母细胞瘤26例(78.8%,包括神经母细胞瘤15例、肾母细胞瘤6例、肝母细胞瘤4例和胰母细胞瘤1例)、间叶组织肿瘤5例(15.2%,包括骨肉瘤肺转移灶3例、恶性肾外横纹肌样瘤1例和左大腿脉管瘤1例)和生殖细胞肿瘤2例(6.0%),软组织肿瘤的3种类型摄取99Tcm-MDP程度的差异无统计学意义(H=1.993,P=0.369)。所有患儿骨外软组织肿瘤骨显像内部特点为钙化、坏死和其他特点(含有骨化基质或实性肿块无明显坏死及钙化),摄取99Tcm-MDP为“+” 的6例(6/33,18.2%)、 “++”的11例(11/33,33.3%)和 “+++”的16例(16/33,48.5%),肿瘤内钙化伴坏死、钙化、坏死和其他原因引起的99Tcm-MDP摄取程度的差异无统计学意义(H=2.313,P=0.315)。不同病理类型的肿瘤摄取99Tcm-MDP为“+”的6例(18.2%,包括母细胞瘤5例、间叶组织肿瘤1例)、“++”的11例(33.3%,包括母细胞瘤9例、间叶组织肿瘤2例)和“+++”的16例(48.5%,包括母细胞瘤12例、间叶组织肿瘤2例、生殖细胞肿瘤2例)。 结论 骨显像时患儿骨外软组织肿瘤摄取99Tcm-MDP多提示为恶性肿瘤,以神经母细胞瘤最常见,其程度与组织病理学分类无明显相关性。 Abstract:Objective This study aimed to explore the characteristics of 99Tcm-methylene diphosphonate (MDP) accumulated in extraosseous soft tissue tumors in children via bone scintigraphy and determine the correlation between tracer uptake and tumor histopathology. Methods A total of 33 pediatric patients with 99Tcm-MDP uptake in extraosseous soft tissue tumors, who underwent bone scintigraphy in Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine and Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University from December 2008 to December 2018, were retrospectively identified. The patients included 21 male children and 12 female children, ranging in age from 3 months to 10 years. On the basis of histopathology, the extraosseous soft tissue tumors in children were categorized into blastomas, mesenchymal tumors, and germ cell tumors. The highest degree of radioactivity accumulation in focal lesions was classified as “+,” “++,” and “+++” based on the results of bone scan. The features of 99Tcm-MDP uptake in different pathological types of tumors and the correlations between 99Tcm-MDP uptake in soft tissue tumors and tumor pathology were investigated. Rank sum test was performed. Results Among 33 children, there were 26 cases of blastomas (78.8%, including 15 cases of neuroblastoma, 6 cases of Wilms' tumor, 4 cases of hepatoblastoma, and 1 case of pancreatoblastoma). Five cases were mesenchymal tumors (15.2%, including 3 cases of pulmonary metastases from osteosarcoma, 1 case of malignant extrarenal rhabdoid tumor, and 1 case of left thigh vascular tumor). Two cases were germ cell tumors (6.0%). No statistical significant difference was found in the degree of 99Tcm-MDP uptake in 33 pediatric patients with three different types of soft tissue tumors (H=1.993, P=0.369). The main imaging features of 33 cases of extraosseous tissue tumors included calcification, necrosis, and other features. Six cases of 99Tcm-MDP uptake were “+” (6/33, 18.2%), 11 cases were “++” (11/33, 33.3%), and 16 cases were “+++” (16/33, 48.5%). No significant difference in the degree of MDP uptake was found in 33 patients with different reasons causing 99Tcm-MDP accumulation (H=2.313, P=0.315). In terms of different pathological types of tumors, six cases of 99Tcm-MDP uptake were “+” (18.2%, including 5 cases of blastoma and 1 case of mesenchymal tumor). Eleven cases were “++” (33.3%, including 9 cases of blastoma and 2 cases of mesenchymal tumor). Sixteen cases were “+++” (48.5%, including 12 cases of blastoma, 2 cases of mesenchymal tumor, and 2 cases of germ cell tumor). Conclusions During the bone scan, pediatric extraosseous soft tissue tumors with 99Tcm-MDP accumulation mostly indicate malignancy, and neuroblastoma was the most common type. No significant correlation was found in the degree of neoplastic 99Tcm-MDP uptake and the histopathological types in child. -
Key words:
- Child /
- Technetium Tc 99m medronate /
- Bone imaging /
- Soft tissue neoplasms /
- Histopathology
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表 1 33例摄取99Tcm-MDP的患儿软组织肿瘤的类型和放射性浓聚程度的比较
Table 1. Types of pediatric soft tissue tumors and their degrees of 99Tcm-MDP uptake in 33 children patients
肿瘤分类 软组织肿瘤类型 例数(%) 放射性浓聚程度(例) + ++ +++ 母细胞瘤 神经母细胞瘤 15(45.5) 2 5 8 肾母细胞瘤 6(18.2) 2 2 2 肝母细胞瘤 4(12.1) 0 2 2 胰母细胞瘤 1(3.0) 1 0 0 间叶组织肿瘤 骨肉瘤肺转移灶 3(9.1) 0 1 2 恶性肾外横纹肌样瘤 1(3.0) 0 1 0 左大腿脉管瘤 1(3.0) 1 0 0 生殖细胞肿瘤 生殖细胞肿瘤 2(6.1) 0 0 2 合计 33 6 11 16 注:表中,以病灶区放射性高于正常下肢软组织,低于正常肋骨放射性分布为“+”;等于或高于正常肋骨放射性分布,低于正常胸骨体或脊柱放射性分布为“++”;等于或高于正常胸骨体或脊柱放射性分布为“+++”。MDP:亚甲基二膦酸盐 表 2 33例患儿骨外软组织肿瘤中的钙化和坏死的情况 [例(%)]
Table 2. Main imaging features of pediatric extraosseous soft tissue tumors in 33 children patients
浓聚程度 钙化伴坏死 坏死 钙化 其他a 合计 + 0 4(66.7) 1(16.7) 1(16.7) 6 ++ 6(54.5) 0 3(27.3) 2(18.2) 11 +++ 8(50.0) 0 6(37.5) 2(12.5) 16 合计 14 4 10 5 33 注:表中,a:包含骨外软组织肿瘤未见明显坏死及钙化2例(摄取99Tcm-MDP的程度分别为“+”、“++”各1例)及3例含有骨化基质(摄取99Tcm-MDP的程度表现为“++”1例,“+++”2例)的患者。以病灶区放射性高于正常下肢软组织,低于正常肋骨放射性分布为“+”;等于或高于正常肋骨放射性分布,低于正常胸骨体或脊柱放射性分布为“++”;等于或高于正常胸骨体或脊柱放射性分布为“+++” -
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