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人工放射性核素99Tc、131I、60Co和天然放射性核素235U、232Th在疾病治疗[1]、辐射灭菌[2]、清洁能源的开发[3]等健康和能源领域得到了有效应用。核医学治疗过程中产生的含放射性核素的废液、患者排泄物、用药后的呕吐物及洗涤液等,一般通过沉淀凝集、离子交换等方法对其进行减容、固化后,按固体放射性废物处理,操作繁琐、成本较高。核事故以及核能再处理时放射性核素铀不可避免地释放到水体和土壤等自然环境中,对人体的细胞、神经、骨骼、免疫系统、生殖系统产生辐射损伤[4]和化学毒性伤害[5],危害环境安全并威胁人类健康。因此,对核能利用过程中产生的废水中的放射性核素进行有效去除,在降低核医学治疗后的处理成本、保护环境和人类健康等方面具有重要意义。
吸附法与其他水体中放射性核素的去除方法(如化学沉淀法[6]、离子交换法和膜分离法[7])相比,具有操作简单、易大规模应用和二次污染小等优势,有着较好的应用前景。纳米材料因其独特的尺寸效应和大量表面基团在吸附法去除水体中的放射性核素领域备受关注,氧化石墨烯和碳纳米管等碳纳米材料、纳米二氧化钛等钛基纳米材料以及氧化铁纳米颗粒和纳米0价铁等铁基纳米材料作为吸附剂被广泛用于去除水体中放射性核素的研究。相比其他两类纳米材料,铁基纳米吸附材料易于从溶液中磁性分离,且兼具纳米材料优异的表面效应、孔隙效应和易修饰性,能够克服传统吸附剂难以分离的劣势。自20世纪80年代以来,研究者对纳米材料的研究有了长足的进步,在去除水体中放射性核素领域具有巨大的应用潜能[8]。过去数十年来,基于不同特性的碳纳米材料、钛基纳米材料和铁基纳米材料应用于去除水体中放射性核素的研究成为热点。
去除水体中放射性核素的磁性纳米材料的研究进展
Research progress of magnetic nanomaterials for removing radionuclides from water
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摘要: 核医学实验、核医学治疗及核事故产生的放射性核素不可避免地释放到水体、土壤等自然环境中,对环境造成极大破坏,对人体的遗传、免疫、骨骼、神经系统等产生辐射损伤和化学毒性,严重危害人类健康。磁性纳米吸附材料具有优异的表面性质和磁响应性,被广泛用于去除水体中放射性核素的研究。笔者对磁性纳米材料去除水体中放射性核素的研究进展进行综述。Abstract: Radionuclides produced by nuclear medical experiments, nuclear medicine treatment and nuclear accidents are inevitably released into the natural environment such as water and soil, causing great damage to the environment and the genetic, immune, skeletal and nervous systems of the human body. With excellent surface properties and magnetic responsiveness, magnetic nano-adsorption materials are widely used in the removal of radionuclides from water. In this paper, the research progress of the magnetic nanomaterials for removing radionuclides from water is reviewed.
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Key words:
- Radionuclide /
- Magnetic nanomaterials /
- Water /
- Removal
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