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原发性肝癌是我国常见的消化道恶性肿瘤之一,且发病率呈逐年上升趋势[1],其主要包括肝细胞肝癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)。HCC早期多无明显的临床症状,因此影像学诊断尤为重要。原发性肝癌诊疗规范(2017年版)[2]中指出,18F-FDG PET/CT多部位显像对HCC诊疗的优势:PET功能影像不受解剖结构的影响,可准确显示结构复杂部位的病灶,评价肿瘤的恶性程度;规范中另指出,11C-胆碱(choline,CHO)PET显像可提高诊断高分化肝癌的灵敏度,与18F-FDG PET/CT显像具有互补作用,可以更好地显示肿瘤细胞分化程度的异质性。本研究通过分析18F-FDG PET/CT双时相显像及其联合11C-CHO PET/CT多模态显像,并与组织病理学检查及临床随访结果进行对照,探讨PET/CT显像在HCC诊断中的应用价值。
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73例疑似原发肝占位性病变患者均无失访。18F-FDG PET/CT双时相显像共检47例患者,共检出49个病变,其中2例为肝左右叶双病变,经组织病理学检查或临床随访结果证实,40个病变为HCC(高分化8个、中低分化32个),9个病变为良性(包括5个血管平滑肌脂肪瘤、2个炎性假瘤及2个其他)。高分化HCC病变长径为25.7~70.8 (42.5±18.2) mm;中低分化HCC病变长径为10.9~112.0 (56.5±29.6) mm。18F-FDG PET/CT显像发现27个高代谢病变,双时相显像发现32个高代谢病变。由表1可知,中低分化HCC的病变SUVmax、肝本底SUVmax和T/L间的差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05);高分化HCC的病变SUVmax和T/L间的差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05),肝本底SUVmax的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);良性病变SUVmax的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。以病变良恶性为状态变量,以SUVmax(18F-FDG、18F-FDG延迟、18F-FDG双时相)为检验变量绘制ROC曲线(图1A),对应的AUC、95%CI、最佳阈值及诊断效能见表2。由图1A可见,18F-FDG PET/CT显像分别与其延迟显像、双时相显像的SUVmax的ROC曲线间的差异均有统计学意义(Z=2.315、2.376,均P<0.05);而延迟显像与双时相显像的SUVmax的ROC曲线间的差异无统计学意义(Z=0.252,P>0.05)。
PET/CT显像方法 高分化HCC(n=8) 中低分化HCC(n=32) 良性病变(n=9) 病变SUVmax 肝本底SUVmax T/L 病变SUVmax 肝本底SUVmax T/L 病变SUVmax 18F-FDG 4.80±1.18 1.97±0.74 2.74±1.24 10.8±7.44 2.08±0.58 5.28±3.37 2.52±0.34 18F-FDG延迟 5.88±1.40 1.84±0.85 3.80±2.16 12.6±8.27 1.94±0.63 6.76±3.79 2.53±0.75 t值 2.76 −0.84 2.62 4.51 −2.53 4.80 0.00 P值 0.028 0.424 0.034 <0.001 0.016 <0.001 1.000 注:FDG为氟脱氧葡萄糖;PET/CT为正电子发射断层显像计算机体层摄影术;HCC为肝细胞肝癌;SUVmax为最大标准化摄取值;T/L为肿瘤SUVmax/肝本底SUVmax比值 表 1 49个原发肝占位性病变的18F-FDG PET/CT双时相显像定量指标的比较(
±s)$\bar x$ Table 1. Quantitative indexes comparison of 49 primary liver space-occupying lesions in 18F-FDG PET/CT dual-phase imaging (
±s)$\bar x$ 图 1 不同PET/CT显像方法诊断原发肝占位性病变良恶性的受试者工作特征曲线 a表示与18F-FDG FDG/CT相比,差异均有统计学意义(Z=2.376、2.315、2.037,均P<0.05)。 FDG为氟脱氧葡萄糖;CHO为胆碱;PET/CT为正电子发射断层显像计算机体层摄影术
Figure 1. Receiver operating characteristic curves of benign and malignant primary liver space-occupying lesions diagnosed by different PET/CT imaging methods
PET/CT显像方法 AUC 95%CI SUVmax的最佳阈值 准确率(%) 灵敏度(%) 特异度(%) 18F-FDGa 0.753 0.621~0.885 2.80 69(34/49) 67(27/40) 78(7/9) 18F-FDG延迟 0.854 0.736~0.973 3.30 71(35/49) 76(30/40) 56(5/9) 18F-FDG双时相 0.861 0.742~0.980 − 82(40/49) 80(32/40) 89(8/9) 18F-FDGb 0.761 0.533~0.989 2.80 54(14/26) 58(13/22) 25(1/4) 11C-CHO 0.864 0.643~1.000 4.98 69(18/26) 68(15/22) 75(3/4) 18F-FDG联合11C-CHO 0.920 0.805~1.000 − 85(22/26) 82(18/22) 100(4/4) 注:a表示18F-FDG双时相显像中的18F-FDG;b表示18F-FDG联合11C-CHO显像中的18F-FDG。PET/CT为正电子发射断层显像计算机体层摄影术;AUC为曲线下面积;CI为可信区间;SUVmax为最大标准化摄取值;FDG为氟脱氧葡萄糖;CHO为胆碱;−为无此项数据 表 2 不同PET/CT显像方法诊断原发肝占位性病变良恶性的受试者工作特性曲线结果及诊断效能
Table 2. Results and diagnostic efficacy of receiver operating characteristic curves for benign and malignant primary liver space-occupying lesions in different PET/CT imaging methods
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18F-FDG及其联合11C-CHO PET/CT显像共检26例患者,共检出26个病变,其中,经组织病理学检查或临床随访证实,22个为HCC(高分化9个、中低分化13个),4个为良性病变。高分化HCC病变长径为25.4~106.5 (56.8±28.8) mm,低分化HCC病变长径为27.5~109.4 (63.8±29.8) mm,18F-FDG PET/CT显像发现13个高代谢病变,18F-FDG联合11C-CHO PET/CT显像共发现18个高代谢病变。由表3可见,高分化HCC的病变SUVmax、肝本底SUVmax间的差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.001),而T/L间的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);中低分化HCC的病变SUVmax间的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),而肝本底SUVmax、T/L间的差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.001);良性病变的SUVmax的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。以病变良恶性为状态变量,以SUVmax(18F-FDG、11C-CHO、18F-FDG联合11C-CHO)为检验变量绘制ROC曲线(图1B),对应的AUC、95%CI、最佳阈值及诊断效能见表2。由图1B可见,18F-FDG PET/CT与18F-FDG联合11C-CHO PET/CT的SUVmax的ROC曲线间的差异有统计学意义(Z=2.037,P<0.05)。18F-FDG与11C-CHO、11C-CHO与其联合18F-FDG PET/CT的SUVmax的ROC曲线间的差异均无统计学意义(Z=0.544、0.564,均P>0.05)。典型病例的18F-FDG、11C-CHO PET/CT显像图见图2、3。
PET/CT显像方法 高分化HCC(n=9) 中低分化HCC(n=13) 良性病变(n=4) 病变SUVmax 肝本底SUVmax T/L 病变SUVmax 肝本底SUVmax T/L 病变SUVmax 18F-FDG 2.97±0.64 1.75±0.38 1.75±0.53 7.09±3.01 1.67±0.26 4.23±1.70 2.60±0.62 11C-CHO 12.9±3.32 5.49±1.49 2.57±1.12 6.75±1.74 4.23±1.73 1.29±0.53 3.62±1.23 t值 9.49 6.57 2.01 −1.68 8.41 −5.43 1.51 P值 <0.001 <0.001 0.079 0.120 <0.001 <0.001 0.229 注:FDG为氟脱氧葡萄糖;CHO为胆碱;PET/CT为正电子发射断层显像计算机体层摄影术;HCC为肝细胞肝癌;SUVmax为最大标准化摄取值;T/L为肿瘤SUVmax/肝本底SUVmax比值 表 3 26个原发肝占位性病变的18F-FDG与11C-CHO PET/CT显像定量指标的比较(
±s)$ \bar x $ Table 3. Comparison indexes of 26 primary liver space-occupying lesions in18F-FDG, 11C-CHO PET/CT imaging (
±s)$ \bar x $
18F-FDG双时相及18F-FDG联合11C-CHO PET/CT多模态显像在原发性肝细胞肝癌中的诊断价值
Diagnostic value of 18F-FDG dual-phase and 18F-FDG combined with 11C-CHO PET/CT multimodality imaging in primary hepatocellular carcinoma
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摘要:
目的 探讨18F-氟脱氧葡萄糖(FDG) PET/CT双时相显像及18F-FDG联合11C-胆碱(CHO) PET/CT多模态显像对原发性肝细胞肝癌(HCC)的诊断价值。 方法 回顾性分析2016年3月至2018年12月于内蒙古医科大学附属医院就诊的临床疑似原发肝占位性病变的73例患者的临床资料,其中男性41例、女性32例,年龄58~72岁;47例患者行18F-FDG PET/CT双时相显像,26例患者行18F-FDG联合11C-CHO PET/CT多模态显像。分别测量并计算每个病变的最大标准化摄取值(SUVmax)、肝本底SUVmax、肿瘤SUVmax/肝本底SUVmax比值(T/L)。以病变良恶性为状态变量,分别以18F-FDG、18F-FDG延迟、18F-FDG双时相的SUVmax和18F-FDG、11C-CHO、18F-FDG联合11C-CHO的SUVmax为检验变量绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线并进行两两比较,以组织病理学检查或临床随访结果为“金标准”,对比分析各种显像方法的诊断效能。计量资料的比较采用配对t检验;采用Z秩和检验比较各组间ROC曲线的差异。 结果 (1)18F-FDG PET/CT双时相显像:47例患者共检出49个病变(其中32个为高代谢病变),经组织病理学检查或临床随访结果证实,40个为HCC(高分化8个、中低分化32个),9个为良性病变。中低分化HCC的病变SUVmax、肝本底SUVmax和T/L的差异均有统计学意义(t=4.51、−2.53、4.80,均P<0.05);高分化HCC的病变SUVmax和T/L的差异均有统计学意义(t=2.76、2.62,均P<0.05);良性病变SUVmax的差异无统计学意义(t=0.00,P>0.05)。18F-FDG PET/CT显像分别与其延迟显像、双时相显像的SUVmax的ROC曲线间的差异均有统计学意义(Z=2.315、2.376,均P<0.05);而延迟显像与双时相显像的SUVmax的ROC曲线间的差异无统计学意义(Z=0.252,P>0.05)。(2) 18F-FDG联合11C-CHO PET/CT显像:26例患者共检出26个病变(其中18个为高代谢病变),经组织病理学检查或临床随访证实,22个为HCC(高分化9个、中低分化13个),4个为良性病变。高分化HCC的病变SUVmax、肝本底SUVmax间的差异均有统计学意义(t=9.49、6.57,均P<0.001),而T/L的差异无统计学意义(t=2.01,P>0.05);中低分化HCC的病变SUVmax的差异无统计学意义(t=−1.68,P>0.05),肝本底SUVmax、T/L间的差异均有统计学意义(t=8.41、−5.43,均P<0.001);良性病变的SUVmax的差异无统计学意义(t=1.51,P>0.05)。18F-FDG 与其联合11C-CHO PET/CT的SUVmax的 ROC曲线间的差异有统计学意义(Z=2.037,P<0.05)。 结论 18F-FDG PET/CT双时相显像及18F-FDG联合11C-CHO PET/CT多模态显像可分别提高中低及高分化原发性HCC的检出率,对肝癌患者治疗方案的决策及临床预后判定有重要的指导价值。 -
关键词:
- 癌,肝细胞 /
- 氟脱氧葡萄糖F18 /
- 胆碱 /
- 正电子发射断层显像术 /
- 体层摄影术,X线计算机 /
- 最大标准化摄取值
Abstract:Objective To investigate the diagnostic value of 18F- fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/CT dual-phase and 18F-FDG combined with 11C-choline (CHO) PET/CT multimodal imaging in primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods Retrospective PET/CT analysis was conducted on 73 patients (41 males, 32 females; age range: 58–72 years) in the Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University from March 2016 to December 2018. The patients had not been confirmed with primary hepatic space-occupying lesions, 47 patients underwent 18F-FDG PET/CT dual-phase imaging, and 26 patients underwent 18F-FDG combined with 11C-CHO PET/CT multimodal imaging. The maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) of each lesion, the liver background, and the tumor SUVmax /liver background SUVmax (T/L) value of each lesion were measured. Positive or negative lesions were adopted as state variables, and SUVmax (18F-FDG, 18F-FDG delay, and 18F-FDG dual phase) and SUVmax (18F-FDG, 11C-CHO, and 18F-FDG combined with 11C-CHO) were used as test variables. The receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve was compared in pairs, and the histopathological examination or clinical follow-up results were used as the gold standard. The diagnostic efficacy of various imaging methods was compared and analyzed. The measurement data were compared through a paired t test, and the Z-rank test was used to compare the differences in the ROC curves of the groups. Results (1) 18F-FDG PET/CT dual-phase imaging: a total of 49 lesions were detected in 47 patients (32 of them were hypermetabolic lesions). Histopathological examination or clinical follow-ups confirmed that 9 lesions were benign and 40 were HCC (8 of them were well-differentiated and 32 were moderately-poorly differentiated). The SUVmax differences in the lesion, liver background, and T/L values of the moderately-poorly differentiated HCC were statistically significant (t=4.51, −2.53, 4.80; all P<0.05). The SUVmax differences in the lesion and T/L values of well-differentiated HCC were statistically significant (t=2.76, 2.62; both P<0.05), but no statistical difference was observed in the SUVmax value of the benign lesions (t=0.00, P>0.05). The ROC curve differences 18F-FDG SUVmax and delayed imaging, dual-phase imaging were statistically significant (Z=2.315, 2.376; both P<0.05), however, the ROC curve differences of SUVmax between delayed imaging and dual-imaging wasn't statistically significant (Z=0.252, P>0.05 ). (2) 18F-FDG combined with 11C-CHO imaging: a total of 26 lesions were detected in 26 patients (18 of them were hypermetabolic lesions). Histopathological examination or clinical follow-ups confirmed that 22 lesions were HCC (of which 9 lesions were well-differentiated and 13 lesions were moderately-poorly differentiated), and 4 lesions were benign. The SUVmax differences in the lesion and liver background values of well-differentiated HCC were statistically significant (t=9.49, 6.57; both P<0.05), but no statistically significant difference was observed in T/L value (t=2.01, P>0.05). The SUVmax difference in the lesion value of moderately-poorly differentiated HCC was not statistically significant (t=−1.68, P>0.05), but the SUVmax differences in liver background and T/L value were statistically significant (t=8.41, −5.43; both P<0.001). No statistical difference was also noted in the SUVmax of benign lesions (t=1.51, P>0.05). The difference in ROC curve between SUVmax (18F-FDG) and SUVmax (18F-FDG combined with 11C-CHO) was statistically significant (Z=2.037, P<0.05). Conclusion 18F-FDG PET/CT dual-phase imaging and 18F-FDG combined with 11C-CHO PET/CT multimodal imaging can improve the detection rate of moderately-poorly and well-differentiated primary HCC and have an important guiding value in decision-making and clinical prognosis for patients. -
图 1 不同PET/CT显像方法诊断原发肝占位性病变良恶性的受试者工作特征曲线 a表示与18F-FDG FDG/CT相比,差异均有统计学意义(Z=2.376、2.315、2.037,均P<0.05)。 FDG为氟脱氧葡萄糖;CHO为胆碱;PET/CT为正电子发射断层显像计算机体层摄影术
Figure 1. Receiver operating characteristic curves of benign and malignant primary liver space-occupying lesions diagnosed by different PET/CT imaging methods
图 2 肝左叶原发占位性病变患者(男性,63岁)的18F-FDG PET/CT(A)及延迟(B)、11C-CHO PET/CT(C)显像图和组织病理学检查图 A、B、C图中由左至右依次为CT、PET、PET/CT、MIP图像。A中CT图像显示肝左叶见类圆形软组织肿块影,中央见稍低密度影,大小为73.2 mm×84.6 mm(箭头所示),PET/CT图像显示肿块中央代谢增高,SUVmax=3.9,T/L=1.64,肿块周边未见明显代谢增高;B中PET/CT图像显示肿块中央代谢较前增高,SUVmax=4.6,T/L=1.69,肿块周边未见明显代谢增高(箭头所示);C中PET/CT图像显示肿块周边半环形代谢增高,SUVmax=14.8,T/L=3.81,肿块中央未见代谢增高(箭头所示);D为肝左叶病变中央区穿刺组织病理学检查图(苏木精-伊红染色法,×200),结果为低分化肝细胞肝癌;E为肝左叶病变周边穿刺组织病理学检查图(苏木精-伊红染色法,×200),结果为高分化肝细胞肝癌。FDG为氟脱氧葡萄糖;PET为正电子发射断层显像术;CT为计算机体层摄影术;CHO为胆碱;MIP为最大密度投影;SUVmax为最大标准化摄取值;T/L为肿瘤SUVmax/肝本底SUVmax比值
Figure 2. 18F-FDG PET/CT (A) and delayed (B), 11C-CHO PET/CT (C) imaging and histopathology result of patient with primary space-occupying lesions in the left lobe of the liver (male, 63 years old)
图 3 肝右叶原发占位性病变患者(男性,63岁,与图2为同一例患者)的18F-FDG PET/CT(A)及延迟(B)、11C-CHO PET/CT显像图(C)和组织病理学检查图 A、B、C图中由左至右依次为CT、PET、PET/CT、MIP图像。A中CT图像显示肝右叶后段见类圆形低密度影,大小为31.8 mm×34.0 mm,PET/CT图像显示代谢未见明显增高(箭头所示),SUVmax=2.4,T/L=1.00;B中PET/CT图像显示相应部位代谢未见明显增高(箭头所示),SUVmax=2.3,T/L=1.00;C中PET/CT图像显示肝右叶病变代谢明显增高(箭头所示),SUVmax=14.2,T/L=3.22;D为肝右叶病变穿刺组织病理学检查图(苏木精-伊红染色法,×200),结果为高分化肝细胞肝癌。FDG为氟脱氧葡萄糖;PET为正电子发射断层显像术;CT为计算机体层摄影术;CHO为胆碱;MIP为最大密度投影;SUVmax为最大标准化摄取值;T/L为肿瘤SUVmax/肝本底SUVmax比值
Figure 3. 18F-FDG PET/CT (A) and delayed (B), 11C-CHO PET/CT imaging (C) and histopathology result of patient with primary space-occupying lesions in the right lobe of the liver (male, 63 years old, the same patient as Figure 2)
表 1 49个原发肝占位性病变的18F-FDG PET/CT双时相显像定量指标的比较(
±s)$\bar x$ Table 1. Quantitative indexes comparison of 49 primary liver space-occupying lesions in 18F-FDG PET/CT dual-phase imaging (
±s)$\bar x$ PET/CT显像方法 高分化HCC(n=8) 中低分化HCC(n=32) 良性病变(n=9) 病变SUVmax 肝本底SUVmax T/L 病变SUVmax 肝本底SUVmax T/L 病变SUVmax 18F-FDG 4.80±1.18 1.97±0.74 2.74±1.24 10.8±7.44 2.08±0.58 5.28±3.37 2.52±0.34 18F-FDG延迟 5.88±1.40 1.84±0.85 3.80±2.16 12.6±8.27 1.94±0.63 6.76±3.79 2.53±0.75 t值 2.76 −0.84 2.62 4.51 −2.53 4.80 0.00 P值 0.028 0.424 0.034 <0.001 0.016 <0.001 1.000 注:FDG为氟脱氧葡萄糖;PET/CT为正电子发射断层显像计算机体层摄影术;HCC为肝细胞肝癌;SUVmax为最大标准化摄取值;T/L为肿瘤SUVmax/肝本底SUVmax比值 表 2 不同PET/CT显像方法诊断原发肝占位性病变良恶性的受试者工作特性曲线结果及诊断效能
Table 2. Results and diagnostic efficacy of receiver operating characteristic curves for benign and malignant primary liver space-occupying lesions in different PET/CT imaging methods
PET/CT显像方法 AUC 95%CI SUVmax的最佳阈值 准确率(%) 灵敏度(%) 特异度(%) 18F-FDGa 0.753 0.621~0.885 2.80 69(34/49) 67(27/40) 78(7/9) 18F-FDG延迟 0.854 0.736~0.973 3.30 71(35/49) 76(30/40) 56(5/9) 18F-FDG双时相 0.861 0.742~0.980 − 82(40/49) 80(32/40) 89(8/9) 18F-FDGb 0.761 0.533~0.989 2.80 54(14/26) 58(13/22) 25(1/4) 11C-CHO 0.864 0.643~1.000 4.98 69(18/26) 68(15/22) 75(3/4) 18F-FDG联合11C-CHO 0.920 0.805~1.000 − 85(22/26) 82(18/22) 100(4/4) 注:a表示18F-FDG双时相显像中的18F-FDG;b表示18F-FDG联合11C-CHO显像中的18F-FDG。PET/CT为正电子发射断层显像计算机体层摄影术;AUC为曲线下面积;CI为可信区间;SUVmax为最大标准化摄取值;FDG为氟脱氧葡萄糖;CHO为胆碱;−为无此项数据 表 3 26个原发肝占位性病变的18F-FDG与11C-CHO PET/CT显像定量指标的比较(
±s)$ \bar x $ Table 3. Comparison indexes of 26 primary liver space-occupying lesions in18F-FDG, 11C-CHO PET/CT imaging (
±s)$ \bar x $ PET/CT显像方法 高分化HCC(n=9) 中低分化HCC(n=13) 良性病变(n=4) 病变SUVmax 肝本底SUVmax T/L 病变SUVmax 肝本底SUVmax T/L 病变SUVmax 18F-FDG 2.97±0.64 1.75±0.38 1.75±0.53 7.09±3.01 1.67±0.26 4.23±1.70 2.60±0.62 11C-CHO 12.9±3.32 5.49±1.49 2.57±1.12 6.75±1.74 4.23±1.73 1.29±0.53 3.62±1.23 t值 9.49 6.57 2.01 −1.68 8.41 −5.43 1.51 P值 <0.001 <0.001 0.079 0.120 <0.001 <0.001 0.229 注:FDG为氟脱氧葡萄糖;CHO为胆碱;PET/CT为正电子发射断层显像计算机体层摄影术;HCC为肝细胞肝癌;SUVmax为最大标准化摄取值;T/L为肿瘤SUVmax/肝本底SUVmax比值 -
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