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随着彩色多普勒超声的发展,越来越多的甲状腺结节(thyroid nodule,TN)被发现,其超声的检出率可达76%[1-2]。在TN中,甲状腺癌的发病率不到10%,但呈上升趋势。据统计,我国2003年至2011年甲状腺癌的发病率每年增加20.1%,成为我国增长最快的恶性肿瘤之一[3]。
TN患者临床特征不明显,对于是否发展成甲状腺癌的诊断是较困难的,目前常借助甲状腺超声预测其良恶性,并成为外科手术切除结节的一个重要参考。一些常见参考指标,如肿瘤家族史、头颈部照射史和肿瘤标志物的升高等可能增加其恶性风险,因此综合运用这些指标可以对TN的良恶性进行判断,从而减少良性结节的手术率[4]。本研究通过对TN患者的术前多项指标进行回顾性分析,寻找甲状腺癌的危险因素,为临床对TN的良恶性诊断提供依据。
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恶性组中,乳头状癌235例,甲状腺滤泡癌、髓样癌及乳头状癌合并滤泡癌各1例。甲状腺“凉”结节408例,其中甲状腺癌207例;甲状腺“冷”结节99例,其中甲状腺癌31例。甲状腺“温”结节及甲状腺“热”结节分别3例,其中1例“热”结节术后病理结果为乳头状癌合并滤泡癌,其余均为良性TN。由表1可见,恶性组患者的年龄、BMI、TSH水平、结节直径、结节功能状态、超声TI-RADS分级与良性组比较,差异均有统计学意义;但性别、体重、身高、肿瘤家族史、文化程度、合并症、Tg、TgAb及TPOAb水平的比较,差异均无统计学意义。TN功能状态中,2组的“凉”结节和“冷”结节的差异有统计学意义(χ2=16.882,P=0.001)。
参数 良性组(n=275) 恶性组(n=238) 检验值 P值 性别(例,%) χ2=0.146 0.703 男 59(21.5) 52(21.8) 女 216(78.5) 186(78.2) 年龄(例,%) χ2=26.716 0.000 <55岁 162(58.9) 194(81.5) ≥55岁 113(41.1) 44(18.5) 肿瘤家族史(例,%) χ2=1.892 0.169 有 28(10.2) 35(14.7) 无 247(89.8) 203(85.3) 文化程度(例,%) χ2=4.491 0.106 文盲 101(36.7) 72(30.3) 小学及初中 98(35.6) 88(37.0) 高中及以上 76(27.7) 78(32.7) 合并症(例,%) χ2=6.792 0.079 恶性肿瘤 7(2.54) 9(3.78) 未明确病理的肿瘤 28(10.2) 48(20.2) 内分泌代谢病 54(19.6) 52(21.8) 无 186(67.6) 129(54.2) 结节功能状态(例,%) χ2=16.882 0.001 “凉”结节 201(73.1) 207(87.0) “冷”结节 69(25.1) 30(12.6) “热”结节 2(0) 1(0) “温”结节 3(0) 0(0) 结节直径(例,%) χ2=151.817 0.000 ≤1 cm 15(5.5) 112(47.9) >1 cm且<4 cm 141(51.3) 108(45.4) ≥4 cm 119(43.3) 18(7.70) 超声TI-RADS分级(例,%) χ2=225.712 0.000 2级 53(19.3) 3(1.3) 3级 180(65.4) 37(15.5) 4级 42(15.3) 180(75.6) 5级 0(0) 18(7.6) 体重(kg) 14 16 Z=−1.760 0.078 身高(cm) 7 8 Z=−0.687 0.492 TSH(μIU/mL) 1.17 1.58 Z=−4.430 0.000 Tg(ng/mL) 255.95 45.72 Z=−6.759 1.388 TgAb(IU/mL) 0.30 0.45 Z=−1.141 0.254 TPOAb(IU/mL) 1.20 1.50 Z=−0.612 0.541 BMI(kg/m2) 24.11±3.63 24.83±3.67 t=−2.301 0.022 注:表中,体重、身高、TSH、Tg、TgAb和TPOAb指标采用中位数(四分位间距)表示。TI-RADS:甲状腺影像报告与数据系统;TSH:促甲状腺激素;Tg:甲状腺球蛋白;TgAb:甲状腺球蛋白抗体;TPOAb:甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体;BMI:体重指数 表 1 2组甲状腺结节患者的临床资料比较
Table 1. Comparison of thyroid nodule patients' basic clinical data between two groups
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由表2可见,患者的年龄、体重、文化程度、TSH和Tg水平、结节直径及超声TI-RADS分级可能与TN的良恶性相关。由表3的多因素分析结果可见,TSH水平(OR=1.198,P=0.046)、年龄(OR=0.962,P=0.001)及结节直径(OR=0.251,P=0.000)为甲状腺癌的独立相关因素,TI-RADS 4级(OR=16.390,P=0.000)可高度预测甲状腺癌的发生。
变量 OR值(95%CI) P值 年龄 1.004(0.991~1.018) 0.004 体重 0.980(0.964~0.996) 0.015 文化程度 0.514(0.408~0.648) 0.000 结节直径 1.222(1.094~1.365) 0.000 TSH 1.280(1.056~1.551) 0.012 Tg 1.002(1.000~1.003) 0.007 超声TI-RADS分级 0.589(0.456~0.761) 0.000 性别 0.948(0.621~1.449) 0.806 身高 0.977(0.952~1.003) 0.084 BMI 0.965(0.920~1.013) 0.151 合并症 0.885(0.769~1.017) 0.085 肿瘤家族史 0.670(0.390~1.151) 0.147 结节功能状态 1.124(0.776~1.629) 0.537 TgAb 1.000(0.995~1.004) 0.835 TPOAb 1.000(0.997~1.004) 0.795 注:表中,TSH:促甲状腺激素;Tg:甲状腺球蛋白;TI-RADS:甲状腺影像报告与数据系统;BMI:体重指数;TgAb:甲状腺球蛋白抗体;TPOAb:甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体;CI:可信区间 表 2 甲状腺癌危险因子的单因素回归分析
Table 2. The univariate regression analysis of thyroid carcinoma risk factors
变量 B值 标准误 Wald值 P值 OR值 95%CI 年龄 −0.039 0.012 11.273 0.001 0.962 0.941~0.984 TSH 0.181 0.091 3.99 0.046 1.198 1.003~1.431 Tg 0.001 0.001 1.884 0.170 1.001 0.999~1.003 体重 0.043 0.025 3.014 0.083 1.044 0.944~1.096 结节直径≤1 cm − − 29.990 0.000 − − 结节直径>1 cm且<4 cm −1.382 0.364 14.370 0.000 0.251 0.123~0.513 结节直径≥4 cm −2.689 0.493 29.714 0.001 0.068 0.026~0.179 超声TI-RADS 2级 − − 87.064 0.000 − − 超声TI-RADS 3级 −19.243 5249.805 0.000 0.997 − − 超声TI-RADS 4级 2.797 0.300 87.064 0.000 16.390 9.109~29.492 超声TI-RADS 5级 22.579 8670.404 0.000 0.998 − − 文盲 − − 3.633 0.163 − − 小学及初中文化 −0.002 0.325 0.002 0.995 0.998 0.528~1.887 高中及以上文化 −0.397 1.063 0.140 0.709 0.672 0.252~1.122 注:表中,−:无此项数据。超声TI-RADS 3级的患者均无甲状腺癌,OR值的95%CI无法计算;超声TI-RADS 5级的患者均为甲状腺癌,OR值的95%CI值无法计算。TSH:促甲状腺激素;Tg:甲状腺球蛋白;TI-RADS:甲状腺影像报告与数据系统;CI:可信区间 表 3 甲状腺癌危险因子的Logistic多因素回归分析
Table 3. The Logistic multivariate regression analysis of thyroid carcinomarisk factors
甲状腺结节术前检查对其良恶性诊断的预测价值
Predictive value of preoperative examination of malignancy of thyroid nodules
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摘要:
目的 探讨预测甲状腺结节(TN)良恶性的术前检查指标。 方法 收集济宁市第一人民医院2016年2月至2019年2月接受甲状腺手术的513例TN患者的临床资料,其中男性111例、女性402例,年龄13~80(49.02±12.95)岁。以患者术后病理结果为“金标准”,分为良性组(275例)和恶性组(238例)。检测患者的血清促甲状腺激素(TSH)、甲状腺球蛋白(Tg)、甲状腺球蛋白抗体(TgAb)和甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(TPOAb)的水平。患者行甲状腺超声和甲状腺静态显像检查,采用超声甲状腺影像报告和数据系统进行分级。采用t检验、卡方检验及Mann-Whitney秩和检验比较2组患者的基本资料;采用单因素回归、Logistic多因素回归对所有指标进行分析,并预测甲状腺癌的相关危险因素。 结果 2组TN患者的年龄(χ2=26.716,P=0.000)、体重指数(t=−2.301,P=0.022)、结节功能状态(χ2=16.882,P=0.001)、结节直径大小(χ2=151.817,P=0.000)、TSH水平(Z=−4.430,P=0.000)和超声检查(χ2=225.712,P=0.000)均存在差异,且差异有统计学意义;2组患者的性别、肿瘤家族史、文化程度、合并症、体重、身高、Tg、TgAb和TPOAb水平的差异均无统计学意义。单因素分析结果显示,TN患者的年龄、体重、文化程度、TSH和Tg水平、结节直径大小、超声检查(OR=1.004、0.980、0.514、1.280、1.002、1.222、0.589,均P< 0.05)可能与甲状腺癌相关。Logistic多因素回归分析结果显示,TSH水平(OR=1.198,P=0.046)、年龄(OR=0.962,P=0.001)和结节直径大小(OR=0.251,P=0.000)是甲状腺癌的独立危险因素,超声检查(OR=16.390,P=0.000)预测意义较大。 结论 超声检查对预测甲状腺癌有重要意义,结合患者年龄、血清TSH水平和结节直径大小,预测甲状腺癌的价值可能更大。 Abstract:Objective To explore the risk factors that can predict the pathological diagnosis of thyroid cancer before operation. Methods A total of 513 patients underwent surgery and received pathological diagnosis from February 2016 to February 2019 in the Jining First People′s Hospital were identified. Of these patients, 111 were males and 402 were females. Their ages ranged from 13 years old to 80 years old. The age was 49.02±12.95 years old. The patients were classified into benign and malignant groups (275 and 238 cases, respectively) according to their postoperative pathology. The biochemical parameters of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroglobulin (Tg), thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb), and thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) were evaluated. Thyroid ultrasound and thyroid static imaging were performed, and thyroid imaging-reporting and data system were used for grading. The basic data of the two groups were compared by using Student's t test, chi-square test, and a Mann–Whitney rank sum test. The univariate regression analysis and logistic multivariate regression analysis were conducted to examine the risk of malignant thyroid nodules. Results Differences in age (χ2=26.716, P=0.000), body mass index (t=−2.301, P=0.022), nodule function (χ2=16.882, P=0.001), nodule size (χ2=151.817, P=0.000), TSH (Z=−4.430, P=0.000), and ultrasound (χ2=225.712, P=0.000) between benign and malignant groups were observed. No significant differences were found in gender, family history of cancer, educational level, complication, weight, height, Tg, TgAb, and TPOAb. The univariate regression analysis revealed that age, weight, educational level, TSH, Tg, nodule size, and ultrasound (OR=1.004, 0.980, 0.514, 1.280, 1.002, 1.222, 0.589, all P<0.05) may be associated with malignancy. Logistic multivariate regression analysis revealed that the increase in TSH level (OR=1.198, P=0.046), young patient (OR=0.962, P=0.001) and small nodule diameter (OR=0.251, P=0.000) were independently associated with higher malignant of thyroid nodule, and ultrasound (OR=16.390, P=0.000) was significant in the prediction of pathological diagnosis. Conclusions Ultrasound plays an important role in predicting thyroid cancer. The combination of ultrasound and other factors, such as patient age, serum TSH level, and nodular diameter, can predict the pathological diagnosis accurately. -
Key words:
- Thyroid nodule /
- Thyroid neoplasms /
- Ultrasonography /
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone /
- Forecasting
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表 1 2组甲状腺结节患者的临床资料比较
Table 1. Comparison of thyroid nodule patients' basic clinical data between two groups
参数 良性组(n=275) 恶性组(n=238) 检验值 P值 性别(例,%) χ2=0.146 0.703 男 59(21.5) 52(21.8) 女 216(78.5) 186(78.2) 年龄(例,%) χ2=26.716 0.000 <55岁 162(58.9) 194(81.5) ≥55岁 113(41.1) 44(18.5) 肿瘤家族史(例,%) χ2=1.892 0.169 有 28(10.2) 35(14.7) 无 247(89.8) 203(85.3) 文化程度(例,%) χ2=4.491 0.106 文盲 101(36.7) 72(30.3) 小学及初中 98(35.6) 88(37.0) 高中及以上 76(27.7) 78(32.7) 合并症(例,%) χ2=6.792 0.079 恶性肿瘤 7(2.54) 9(3.78) 未明确病理的肿瘤 28(10.2) 48(20.2) 内分泌代谢病 54(19.6) 52(21.8) 无 186(67.6) 129(54.2) 结节功能状态(例,%) χ2=16.882 0.001 “凉”结节 201(73.1) 207(87.0) “冷”结节 69(25.1) 30(12.6) “热”结节 2(0) 1(0) “温”结节 3(0) 0(0) 结节直径(例,%) χ2=151.817 0.000 ≤1 cm 15(5.5) 112(47.9) >1 cm且<4 cm 141(51.3) 108(45.4) ≥4 cm 119(43.3) 18(7.70) 超声TI-RADS分级(例,%) χ2=225.712 0.000 2级 53(19.3) 3(1.3) 3级 180(65.4) 37(15.5) 4级 42(15.3) 180(75.6) 5级 0(0) 18(7.6) 体重(kg) 14 16 Z=−1.760 0.078 身高(cm) 7 8 Z=−0.687 0.492 TSH(μIU/mL) 1.17 1.58 Z=−4.430 0.000 Tg(ng/mL) 255.95 45.72 Z=−6.759 1.388 TgAb(IU/mL) 0.30 0.45 Z=−1.141 0.254 TPOAb(IU/mL) 1.20 1.50 Z=−0.612 0.541 BMI(kg/m2) 24.11±3.63 24.83±3.67 t=−2.301 0.022 注:表中,体重、身高、TSH、Tg、TgAb和TPOAb指标采用中位数(四分位间距)表示。TI-RADS:甲状腺影像报告与数据系统;TSH:促甲状腺激素;Tg:甲状腺球蛋白;TgAb:甲状腺球蛋白抗体;TPOAb:甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体;BMI:体重指数 表 2 甲状腺癌危险因子的单因素回归分析
Table 2. The univariate regression analysis of thyroid carcinoma risk factors
变量 OR值(95%CI) P值 年龄 1.004(0.991~1.018) 0.004 体重 0.980(0.964~0.996) 0.015 文化程度 0.514(0.408~0.648) 0.000 结节直径 1.222(1.094~1.365) 0.000 TSH 1.280(1.056~1.551) 0.012 Tg 1.002(1.000~1.003) 0.007 超声TI-RADS分级 0.589(0.456~0.761) 0.000 性别 0.948(0.621~1.449) 0.806 身高 0.977(0.952~1.003) 0.084 BMI 0.965(0.920~1.013) 0.151 合并症 0.885(0.769~1.017) 0.085 肿瘤家族史 0.670(0.390~1.151) 0.147 结节功能状态 1.124(0.776~1.629) 0.537 TgAb 1.000(0.995~1.004) 0.835 TPOAb 1.000(0.997~1.004) 0.795 注:表中,TSH:促甲状腺激素;Tg:甲状腺球蛋白;TI-RADS:甲状腺影像报告与数据系统;BMI:体重指数;TgAb:甲状腺球蛋白抗体;TPOAb:甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体;CI:可信区间 表 3 甲状腺癌危险因子的Logistic多因素回归分析
Table 3. The Logistic multivariate regression analysis of thyroid carcinomarisk factors
变量 B值 标准误 Wald值 P值 OR值 95%CI 年龄 −0.039 0.012 11.273 0.001 0.962 0.941~0.984 TSH 0.181 0.091 3.99 0.046 1.198 1.003~1.431 Tg 0.001 0.001 1.884 0.170 1.001 0.999~1.003 体重 0.043 0.025 3.014 0.083 1.044 0.944~1.096 结节直径≤1 cm − − 29.990 0.000 − − 结节直径>1 cm且<4 cm −1.382 0.364 14.370 0.000 0.251 0.123~0.513 结节直径≥4 cm −2.689 0.493 29.714 0.001 0.068 0.026~0.179 超声TI-RADS 2级 − − 87.064 0.000 − − 超声TI-RADS 3级 −19.243 5249.805 0.000 0.997 − − 超声TI-RADS 4级 2.797 0.300 87.064 0.000 16.390 9.109~29.492 超声TI-RADS 5级 22.579 8670.404 0.000 0.998 − − 文盲 − − 3.633 0.163 − − 小学及初中文化 −0.002 0.325 0.002 0.995 0.998 0.528~1.887 高中及以上文化 −0.397 1.063 0.140 0.709 0.672 0.252~1.122 注:表中,−:无此项数据。超声TI-RADS 3级的患者均无甲状腺癌,OR值的95%CI无法计算;超声TI-RADS 5级的患者均为甲状腺癌,OR值的95%CI值无法计算。TSH:促甲状腺激素;Tg:甲状腺球蛋白;TI-RADS:甲状腺影像报告与数据系统;CI:可信区间 -
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