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甲状旁腺功能亢进症(hyperparathyroidism,HPT)可分为原发性、继发性和三发性3种类型,其中原发性HPT(primary hyperparathyroidism,PHPT)发病率最高,临床症状以骨骼和肾脏损伤为主。但部分患者可无明显临床症状,近年来其数量随体检的普及逐渐增加,无症状已成为美国和加拿大等常规进行生化检查的国家初诊PHPT最常见的表现之一[1]。
PHPT最常见的病理类型是单发性甲状旁腺腺瘤(88.9%),其次为甲状旁腺腺体多发病变,如增生(5.7%)和双甲状旁腺腺瘤(4.1%),而甲状旁腺癌较为罕见[2]。此外,约6%~16%的患者存在异位甲状旁腺[3]。在一项503例尸检研究中,研究者对其甲状旁腺进行解剖,其中甲状旁腺数量多于4个的占13%,多为5个腺体,第5个腺体多位于胸腺中[4]。这些非常规位置和非常规数量的甲状旁腺病变是造成临床漏诊、误诊和病情反复的主要原因。
HPT的治疗方法主要依赖手术切除,术前影像检查既可初步筛选单发甲状旁腺腺瘤,还可定位功能亢进的异位腺体。甲状旁腺显像阴性患者使用术中甲状旁腺激素(intraoperative parathyroid hormone,IOPTH)测定,术后20 min时测定IOPTH较术前基线下降超过80%是预测手术成功的良好指标,但仍存在一定的假阴性率,特别是进行第2次甲状旁腺手术的患者[5],因此术前准确定位对手术至关重要。
多种影像学技术在甲状旁腺功能亢进症术前定位和诊断中的应用进展
Application progress of multiple imaging modalities in preoperative localization and diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism
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摘要: 甲状旁腺功能亢进症(HPT)的主要治疗方法为手术治疗,准确的术前影像学定位对手术至关重要。目前HPT手术的术前定位方法有很多种,包括超声、甲状旁腺核素平面显像、CT和MRI。超声、CT、MRI可显示颈部病灶的位置及解剖关系,甲状旁腺核素平面显像可以相对特异地定位病变的甲状旁腺,但均存在一定的局限性。甲状旁腺体积小,数量与位置多变异,SPECT/CT、PET/CT、超声造影、四维CT和四维MRI的应用,可进一步提高HPT术前定位的灵敏度、准确率和手术成功率。笔者旨在介绍并分析各种甲状旁腺影像学检查的优劣势。
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关键词:
- 甲状旁腺功能亢进症 /
- 体层摄影术,发射型计算机,单光子 /
- 四维计算机体层摄影术 /
- 磁共振成像 /
- 放射性核素显像
Abstract: The best management of hyperparathyroidism (HPT) is surgical treatment, accurate preoperative imaging localization is very important for operation. At present, there are many common preoperative localization methods for parathyroid surgery, including ultrasound, parathyroid radionuclide imaging, CT and MRI. Ultrasound, CT and MRI can show the location and anatomical relationship of neck lesions. Parathyroid radionuclide imaging can locate the parathyroid gland relatively specifically, but there are some limitations. The parathyroid gland is small in size and varied in number and position. The application of SPECT/CT, PET/CT, contrast-enhanced ultrasound, four-dimensional CT and four-dimensional MRI can further improve the sensitivity, accuracy and success rate of preoperative localization of parathyroid gland. The purpose of this paper is to introduce and analyze the advantages and disadvantages of various imaging methods of parathyroid gland. -
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