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进入21世纪以来,我国心脑血管疾病的病死率已超过肿瘤,成为严重危害国民健康的第一位“杀手”[1]。在冠状动脉粥样硬化(atherosclerosis,AS)性心脏病中,AS斑块破裂伴血栓形成是引起急性冠状动脉综合征的主要原因[2]。AS斑块是否破裂主要取决于斑块的稳定性。早期检测出易损斑块能够有效避免恶性心血管事件的发生。易损斑块的形态学以及细胞和分子生物学中的多重因素促进了斑块的不稳定性,如纤维帽变薄、细胞外基质降解、新生血管化、斑块内出血、坏死核心和血栓的形成以及炎症细胞的浸润等。同时,这些变化会使斑块内一些特定的生物标志物的表达水平升高,从而成为易损斑块检测的潜在靶点。根据分子影像成像方式的不同,分子探针可分为放射性核素、MRI、光学和超声分子影像探针等[3]。相较于单一方式成像,不同成像方式的互补可以为疾病的诊断提供更准确、更全面的信息。因此,多模态分子探针应运而生。由于多模态分子探针需要携带2种或2种以上的成像信号元件,并连接靶向配体(如多肽、抗体和小分子物质等)以增强其主动靶向性,所以需要一个体表面积大的载体,纳米颗粒恰好满足这一条件。目前,多模态纳米分子探针已广泛应用于动物模型中易损斑块的研究。我们从易损斑块的新生血管化、炎症细胞的浸润、坏死核心和血栓的形成四个方面综述各种多模态纳米分子探针在动物模型易损斑块中靶向分子成像的研究进展。
多模态纳米分子探针在动物模型易损斑块中靶向分子成像的研究进展
Research progress in targeted molecular imaging of multimodal nanomolecular probes in vulnerable plaques in animal models
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摘要: 易损斑块的破裂常常导致急性冠状动脉综合征,造成严重的心血管事件。早期监测易损斑块对于预防急性冠状动脉综合征具有重要意义。目前,分子影像技术能在细胞和分子水平对疾病进行早期检测,其中,用于监测易损斑块的分子影像技术有核医学分子显像、超声分子成像、MRI和光学成像等。近年来,多模态分子影像技术由于结合了多种分子影像技术的优势,能够提供更多解剖与生物代谢信息,因此在监测易损斑块中具有更高的价值。多模态分子探针的制备与构建对疾病的分子影像诊断至关重要,寻找合适的靶点、增强分子探针的靶向性有利于提高疾病的检出率,为更敏感地检出早期易损斑块提供可能。纳米颗粒因其特殊的性能与优点已被广泛应用于多模态分子探针的研究中,然而,此类探针尚处于临床前研究阶段,主要应用于动物模型中。笔者针对易损斑块在组织学以及细胞与分子生物学变化中出现的各种生物标志物,综述多模态纳米分子探针在动物模型易损斑块中靶向分子成像的研究进展。
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关键词:
- 斑块, 动脉粥样硬化 /
- 多模态成像 /
- 分子探针 /
- 磁性纳米粒子 /
- 模型,动物
Abstract: The rupture of vulnerable plaques often leads to acute coronary syndrome, causing severe cardiovascular events. Therefore, early detection of vulnerable plaques is of great significance. Molecular imaging technology, such as nuclear medicine molecular imaging, ultrasound molecular imaging, MRI and optical imaging, are used to monitor vulnerable plaques. In recent years, multimodal molecular imaging technology, providing more anatomical and biological metabolism information, has higher application value in monitoring vulnerable plaques. The preparation and construction of multimodal molecular probes are crucial for molecular imaging diagnosis of diseases. Seeking suitable targets and enhancing the targeting of molecular probes are beneficial to improve the detection rate of diseases and vulnerable plaques. Nanomaterials with special properties and advantages have been widely used in multimodal molecular probes. However, these nanoprobes are still in the preclinical research stage and are mainly used in animal models. This review focuses on the various biomarkers that appear in the histological, cellular and molecular biological changes of vulnerable plaques, and summarizes the research progress in targeted molecular imaging of multimodal nanomolecular probes in vulnerable plaques in animal models. -
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