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结直肠癌是常见的消化道恶性肿瘤,发病率呈逐年上升趋势,2013年中国结直肠癌新发病例数占全球的18.6%,结直肠癌已居中国人群恶性肿瘤死因的第5位[1]。中国人群结直肠癌标化发病率总体呈上升趋势,病死率呈缓慢上升趋势[2]。个体化医疗是现代医学的发展方向,而早期诊断和准确分期是制定个体化治疗方案和评估预后的基础,18F-FDG PET/CT实现了功能显像与解剖影像的同机融合,为结直肠癌的诊断和分期提供了新的方法[3]。近年来PET/CT在直肠癌中的应用逐渐增多,本研究探讨PET/CT在直肠癌原发灶浸润深度、淋巴结转移、远处转移、临床分期中的准确率以及原发灶SUVmax与临床病理特征的相关性。
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117例直肠癌患者中,普通型腺癌109例、其他类型8例(黏液腺癌6例、恶性黑色素瘤1例、神经内分泌癌1例);中高分化105例、低分化12例;有LVI 78例、无LVI 39例;有PNI 52例、无PNI 65例。
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117例直肠癌患者中,术后病理结果发现肿瘤侵犯固有肌层(T1~T2期)18例、到达浆膜下层(T3期)63例、穿透腹膜脏层或直接侵犯邻近器官(T4期)36例。PET/CT诊断T分期各期的灵敏度、特异度、准确率、κ值见表1。PET/CT诊断直肠癌原发灶整体浸润深度的准确率为76.1%(89/117),与术后病理结果有中度一致性(κ=0.601,P<0.01)。
PET/CT分期 术后病理分期 灵敏度(%) 特异度(%) 准确率(%) κ值 P值 T1~T2期(例) T3期(例) T4期(例) T1~T2期(例) 13 2 0 72.2 97.9 94.0 0.753 <0.01 T3期(例) 5 46 6 73.0 79.6 76.1 0.522 <0.01 T4期(例) 0 15 30 83.3 81.5 82.1 0.606 <0.01 注:表中,FDG:氟脱氧葡萄糖;PET:正电子发射断层显像术;CT:计算机体层摄影术 表 1 117例直肠癌患者18F-FDG PET/CT T分期与术后病理结果的比较
Table 1. T staging comparison of 18F-FDG PET/CT and pathological results in 117 patients with rectal cancer
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117例直肠癌患者中,术后病理结果发现无区域淋巴结转移(N0期)44例、有区域淋巴结转移73例(N1期39例、N2期34例)。PET/CT判断有无淋巴结转移与术后病理结果一致的95例、假阳性11例、假阴性11例(表2)。PET/CT诊断N分期各期的灵敏度、特异度、准确率、κ值见表3。PET/CT诊断有无淋巴结转移的灵敏度为84.9%(62/73)、特异度为75.0%(33/44)、准确率为81.2%(95/117),与术后病理结果有中度一致性(κ=0.535,P<0.01)。
PET/CT诊断结果 术后病理结果 合计 无淋巴结转移 有淋巴结转移 无淋巴结转移 33 11 44 有淋巴结转移 11 62 73 合计 44 73 117 注:表中,FDG:氟脱氧葡萄糖;PET:正电子发射断层显像术;CT:计算机体层摄影术 表 2 117例直肠癌患者18F-FDG PET/CT 淋巴结转移与术后 病理结果的比较(例)
Table 2. Lymph node metastasis comparison of 18F-FDG PET/CT and pathological results in 117 patients with rectal cancer (case)
PET/CT分期 术后病理分期 灵敏度(%) 特异度(%) 准确率(%) κ值 P值 N0期(例) N1期(例) N2期(例) N0期(例) 33 10 1 75.0 84.9 81.2 0.599 <0.01 N1期(例) 11 24 9 61.5 74.4 70.0 0.348 <0.01 N2期(例) 0 5 24 70.6 94.0 87.2 0.675 <0.01 注:表中,FDG:氟脱氧葡萄糖;PET:正电子发射断层显像术;CT:计算机体层摄影术 表 3 117例直肠癌患者18F-FDG PET/CT N分期与术后病理结果的比较
Table 3. N staging comparison of 18F-FDG PET/CT and pathological results in 117 patients with rectal cancer
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117例直肠癌患者中,远处转移灶均由病理或结合其他影像学检查证实,发现有远处转移24例,其中,肝脏转移13例、肺转移4例、非区域淋巴结转移4例、合并肝和非区域淋巴结转移1例、合并肺和非区域淋巴结转移1例、合并肝肺骨转移1例。PET/CT判断有无远处转移灶与术后病理或结合其他影像学检查结果一致的112例、假阳性2例、假阴性3例(表4)。假阳性2例均为肺部病灶PET/CT判断为转移,但经实验室检查及CT随访证实为肺结核。假阴性其中1例PET/CT判断为腹股沟淋巴结倾向良性,经穿刺病理证实为腹股沟淋巴结转移(图1)。PET/CT诊断有无远处转移的灵敏度为87.5%(21/24)、特异度为97.8%(91/93)、准确率为95.7%(112/117),与术后病理结果有极好的一致性(κ=0.867,P<0.01)。
图 1 Ⅳ期直肠癌患者(男性,40岁)的18F-FDG PET/CT显像图。患者病理类型:直肠低分化腺癌,右腹股沟淋巴结穿刺病理结果为转移性低分化癌,TNM分期为T2N0M1
Figure 1. 18F-FDG PET/CT images of stage Ⅳ rectal cancer (male, 40 years old)
PET/CT诊断结果 术后病理或结合其他影像学检查结果 合计 无远处转移 有远处转移 无远处转移 91 3 94 有远处转移 2 21 23 合计 93 24 117 注:表中,FDG:氟脱氧葡萄糖;PET:正电子发射断层显像术;CT:计算机体层摄影术 表 4 117例直肠癌患者18F-FDG PET/CT M分期与术后病理 或结合其他影像学检查结果的比较(例)
Table 4. M staging comparison of 18F-FDG PET/CT and pathological results or other imaging examination in 117 patients with rectal cancer (case)
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PET/CT诊断直肠癌患者术前临床各分期的灵敏度、特异度、准确率、κ值见表5。PET/CT对于Ⅰ期和Ⅳ期的诊断灵敏度和准确率均高于Ⅱ期和Ⅲ期,与术后病理结果一致性检验的κ值Ⅰ期、Ⅳ期亦高于Ⅱ期、Ⅲ期。PET/CT诊断总的临床分期的准确率为76.9%(90/117),与术后病理结果有较高度一致性(κ=0.667,P<0.01)。PET/CT高估分期15例、低估分期12例,主要集中在Ⅱ期和Ⅲ期:术后病理证实28例Ⅱ期患者中有2例被低估、9例被高估;50例Ⅲ期患者中有7例被低估、2例被高估。
PET/CT分期 术后病理分期 灵敏度(%) 特异度(%) 准确率(%) κ值 P值 Ⅰ期(例) Ⅱ期(例) Ⅲ期(例) Ⅳ期(例) Ⅰ期(例) 11 2 0 0 73.3 98.0 94.9 0.757 <0.01 Ⅱ期(例) 3 17 7 0 60.7 88.8 82.1 0.501 <0.01 Ⅲ期(例) 1 9 41 3 82.0 80.6 81.2 0.620 <0.01 Ⅳ期(例) 0 0 2 21 87.5 97.8 95.7 0.867 <0.01 注:表中,FDG:氟脱氧葡萄糖;PET:正电子发射断层显像术;CT:计算机体层摄影术 表 5 117例直肠癌患者18F-FDG PET/CT 临床分期与术后病理结果的比较
Table 5. Clinical staging comparison of 18F-FDG PET/CT and pathological results in 117 patients with rectal cancer
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由表6可知,不同病灶长径、LVI、PNI、N分期、临床分期的原发灶SUVmax的组间差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05);不同性别、年龄、病理类型、分化程度、T分期、M分期的原发灶SUVmax的组间差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。病灶长径≥3 cm的原发灶SUVmax高于病灶长径<3 cm的SUVmax;有LVI、有PNI及有淋巴结转移的原发灶SUVmax高于无LVI、无PNI及无淋巴结转移的SUVmax。
组别 例数 SUVmax t值或F值 P值 性别 男 66 14.42±5.44 0.688 0.493 女 51 15.13±5.81 年龄(岁) <65 94 14.34±5.47 1.523 0.130 ≥65 23 16.31±5.92 病灶长径(cm) <3 12 9.91±3.23 4.982 <0.001 ≥3 105 15.28±5.55 病理类型 腺癌普通型 109 14.85±5.58 0.886 0.377 其他 8 13.04±5.92 分化程度 中高分化 105 14.74±5.48 0.045 0.964 低分化 12 14.82±6.92 LVI 无 39 12.89±5.54 −2.581 0.011 有 78 15.65±5.42 PNI 无 65 13.34±4.92 −2.873 0.005 有 52 16.20±5.80 T分期 T1期+T2期 18 12.17±4.47 2.323 0.103 T3期 63 15.08±5.47 T4期 36 15.40±6.07 N分期 N0期 44 12.92±5.02 2.792 0.006 N1期+N2期 73 15.82±5.66 M分期 M0期 93 14.35±5.47 −1.502 0.136 M1期 24 16.30±5.92 临床分期 Ⅰ期 15 11.73±4.04 3.072 0.031 Ⅱ期 28 13.49±5.52 Ⅲ期 50 15.54±5.59 Ⅳ期 24 16.35±5.79 注:表中,FDG:氟脱氧葡萄糖;PET:正电子发射断层显像术;CT:计算机体层摄影术;SUVmax:最大标准化摄取值;LVI:淋巴血管侵犯;PNI:周围神经侵犯 表 6 117例不同临床及病理特征的直肠癌原发灶18F-FDG PET/CT SUVmax的结果比较(
±s)$ \bar{x} $ Table 6. Comparison of 18F-FDG PET/CT SUVmax between different clinical and pathological features in 117 patients with rectal cancer (
±s)$ \bar{x} $ -
原发灶SUVmax与病灶长径、LVI、PNI、N分期、临床分期呈正相关(r=0.230~0.308,均P<0.05),与性别、年龄、病理类型、分化程度、T分期、M分期无相关性(r=0.001~0.149,均P>0.05)。
18F-FDG PET/CT 显像在直肠癌术前分期中的价值及与临床病理特征关系的研究
Preoperative staging of rectal cancer with 18F-FDG PET/CT and its relationship with clinicopathological features
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摘要:
目的 探讨18F-氟脱氧葡萄糖(FDG)PET/CT显像在直肠癌术前肿瘤、结节、转移(TNM)分期中的价值及原发灶最大标准化摄取值(SUVmax)与临床及病理特征的相关性。 方法 回顾性分析2013年1月至2018年12月在福建省肿瘤医院术前行18F-FDG PET/CT检查且经术后病理证实为直肠癌的117例患者(男性66例、女性51例,年龄29~83岁,中位年龄57岁)的相关资料,评估18F-FDG PET/CT对直肠癌原发灶浸润深度、淋巴结转移、远处转移及临床分期的准确率。一致性检验采用Kappa检验。基于性别、年龄、病灶长径、病理类型、分化程度、淋巴血管侵犯(LVI)、周围神经侵犯(PNI)、TNM分期、临床分期进行分组,采用独立样本t检验和单因素方差分析比较组间原发灶SUVmax的差异;采用Pearson或Spearson相关分析法分析原发灶SUVmax与临床及病理特征之间的相关性。 结果 18F-FDG PET/CT对直肠癌原发灶浸润深度、淋巴结转移、远处转移、临床分期的诊断准确率分别为76.1%、81.2%、95.7%、76.9%,与病理结果的一致性为κ=0.601、0.535、0.867、0.667(均P<0.01)。不同病灶长径(t=4.982,P<0.01)、LVI(t=−2.581,P=0.011)、PNI(t=−2.873,P=0.005、N分期(t=2.792,P=0.006)、临床分期(F=3.072,P=0.031)的原发灶SUVmax的组间差异均有统计学意义;不同性别(t=0.688,P=0.493)、年龄(t=1.523,P=0.130)、病理类型(t=0.886,P=0.377)、分化程度(t=0.045,P=0.964)、T分期(F=2.323,P=0.103)、M分期(t=−1.502,P=0.136)的原发灶SUVmax的组间差异均无统计学意义。原发灶SUVmax与病灶长径、LVI、PNI、N分期、临床分期呈正相关(r=0.230~0.308,均P<0.05)。 结论 18F-FDG PET/CT对于直肠癌原发灶、淋巴结转移及远处转移均有较高的诊断准确率,是直肠癌分期的有效方法。原发灶SUVmax可部分反映肿瘤的增殖及侵袭能力。 -
关键词:
- 直肠肿瘤 /
- 正电子发射断层显像术 /
- 体层摄影术,X线计算机 /
- 氟脱氧葡萄糖F18 /
- 肿瘤分期 /
- 最大标准化摄取值
Abstract:Objective To investigate the clinical value of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/CT imaging in preoperative tumor, node, metastasis (TNM) staging of rectal cancer and the correlation between the maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) of primary lesions and clinicopathological features. Methods To evaluate the accuracy of 18F-FDG PET/CT in assessing invasion depth, lymph node metastasis, metastasis, and clinical staging before operation, a retrospective analysis was performed on data collected from 117 rectal cancer patients, including 66 males and 51 females (aged 29–83 years old, median age 57 years), who underwent 18F-FDG PET/CT examination before operation in Fujian Cancer Hospital from January 2013 to December 2018. Kappa test was used for consistency test. The patients were grouped according to gender, age, length of primary lesion, pathological type, differentiated degree, lymphovascular invasion (LVI), perineural invasion (PNI), TNM staging, and clinical staging. Independent sample t-test and one-way ANOVA were used to analyze the difference in SUVmax between groups. Pearson or Spearman correlation was used to analyze the relationship between the SUVmax of primary lesions and clinicopathological features. Results The diagnostic accuracies of 18F-FDG PET/CT on rectal cancer invasion depth, lymph node metastasis, metastasis, and clinical staging were 76.1%, 81.2%, 95.7%, and 76.9%. The consistency with pathological results was as follows (κ=0.601, 0.535, 0.867, 0.667, all P<0.01). Statistically significant differences were observed in the SUVmax of different groups of length of primary lesion (t=4.982, P<0.01), LVI (t=−2.581, P=0.011), PNI (t=−2.873, P=0.005), N staging (t=2.792, P=0.006), and clinical staging (F=3.072, P=0.031), but no statistically significant differences were observed in the SUVmax of different groups of gender (t=0.688, P=0.493), age (t=1.523, P=0.130), pathological type (t=0.886, P=0.377), differentiated degree (t=0.045, P=0.964), T staging (F=2.323, P=0.103), and M staging (t=−1.502, P=0.136). The SUVmax of the primary lesion was positively correlated with the length of the primary lesion, LVI, PNI, N staging, and clinical staging (r=0.230–0.308, all P<0.05). Conclusions 18F-FDG PET/CT has high accuracy in diagnosing rectal cancer primary lesions, lymph nodes, and metastasis and is an effective method for staging rectal cancer. The SUVmax of primary lesions can partially reflect the invasion and proliferation ability of rectal cancer. -
表 1 117例直肠癌患者18F-FDG PET/CT T分期与术后病理结果的比较
Table 1. T staging comparison of 18F-FDG PET/CT and pathological results in 117 patients with rectal cancer
PET/CT分期 术后病理分期 灵敏度(%) 特异度(%) 准确率(%) κ值 P值 T1~T2期(例) T3期(例) T4期(例) T1~T2期(例) 13 2 0 72.2 97.9 94.0 0.753 <0.01 T3期(例) 5 46 6 73.0 79.6 76.1 0.522 <0.01 T4期(例) 0 15 30 83.3 81.5 82.1 0.606 <0.01 注:表中,FDG:氟脱氧葡萄糖;PET:正电子发射断层显像术;CT:计算机体层摄影术 表 2 117例直肠癌患者18F-FDG PET/CT 淋巴结转移与术后 病理结果的比较(例)
Table 2. Lymph node metastasis comparison of 18F-FDG PET/CT and pathological results in 117 patients with rectal cancer (case)
PET/CT诊断结果 术后病理结果 合计 无淋巴结转移 有淋巴结转移 无淋巴结转移 33 11 44 有淋巴结转移 11 62 73 合计 44 73 117 注:表中,FDG:氟脱氧葡萄糖;PET:正电子发射断层显像术;CT:计算机体层摄影术 表 3 117例直肠癌患者18F-FDG PET/CT N分期与术后病理结果的比较
Table 3. N staging comparison of 18F-FDG PET/CT and pathological results in 117 patients with rectal cancer
PET/CT分期 术后病理分期 灵敏度(%) 特异度(%) 准确率(%) κ值 P值 N0期(例) N1期(例) N2期(例) N0期(例) 33 10 1 75.0 84.9 81.2 0.599 <0.01 N1期(例) 11 24 9 61.5 74.4 70.0 0.348 <0.01 N2期(例) 0 5 24 70.6 94.0 87.2 0.675 <0.01 注:表中,FDG:氟脱氧葡萄糖;PET:正电子发射断层显像术;CT:计算机体层摄影术 表 4 117例直肠癌患者18F-FDG PET/CT M分期与术后病理 或结合其他影像学检查结果的比较(例)
Table 4. M staging comparison of 18F-FDG PET/CT and pathological results or other imaging examination in 117 patients with rectal cancer (case)
PET/CT诊断结果 术后病理或结合其他影像学检查结果 合计 无远处转移 有远处转移 无远处转移 91 3 94 有远处转移 2 21 23 合计 93 24 117 注:表中,FDG:氟脱氧葡萄糖;PET:正电子发射断层显像术;CT:计算机体层摄影术 表 5 117例直肠癌患者18F-FDG PET/CT 临床分期与术后病理结果的比较
Table 5. Clinical staging comparison of 18F-FDG PET/CT and pathological results in 117 patients with rectal cancer
PET/CT分期 术后病理分期 灵敏度(%) 特异度(%) 准确率(%) κ值 P值 Ⅰ期(例) Ⅱ期(例) Ⅲ期(例) Ⅳ期(例) Ⅰ期(例) 11 2 0 0 73.3 98.0 94.9 0.757 <0.01 Ⅱ期(例) 3 17 7 0 60.7 88.8 82.1 0.501 <0.01 Ⅲ期(例) 1 9 41 3 82.0 80.6 81.2 0.620 <0.01 Ⅳ期(例) 0 0 2 21 87.5 97.8 95.7 0.867 <0.01 注:表中,FDG:氟脱氧葡萄糖;PET:正电子发射断层显像术;CT:计算机体层摄影术 表 6 117例不同临床及病理特征的直肠癌原发灶18F-FDG PET/CT SUVmax的结果比较(
±s)$ \bar{x} $ Table 6. Comparison of 18F-FDG PET/CT SUVmax between different clinical and pathological features in 117 patients with rectal cancer (
±s)$ \bar{x} $ 组别 例数 SUVmax t值或F值 P值 性别 男 66 14.42±5.44 0.688 0.493 女 51 15.13±5.81 年龄(岁) <65 94 14.34±5.47 1.523 0.130 ≥65 23 16.31±5.92 病灶长径(cm) <3 12 9.91±3.23 4.982 <0.001 ≥3 105 15.28±5.55 病理类型 腺癌普通型 109 14.85±5.58 0.886 0.377 其他 8 13.04±5.92 分化程度 中高分化 105 14.74±5.48 0.045 0.964 低分化 12 14.82±6.92 LVI 无 39 12.89±5.54 −2.581 0.011 有 78 15.65±5.42 PNI 无 65 13.34±4.92 −2.873 0.005 有 52 16.20±5.80 T分期 T1期+T2期 18 12.17±4.47 2.323 0.103 T3期 63 15.08±5.47 T4期 36 15.40±6.07 N分期 N0期 44 12.92±5.02 2.792 0.006 N1期+N2期 73 15.82±5.66 M分期 M0期 93 14.35±5.47 −1.502 0.136 M1期 24 16.30±5.92 临床分期 Ⅰ期 15 11.73±4.04 3.072 0.031 Ⅱ期 28 13.49±5.52 Ⅲ期 50 15.54±5.59 Ⅳ期 24 16.35±5.79 注:表中,FDG:氟脱氧葡萄糖;PET:正电子发射断层显像术;CT:计算机体层摄影术;SUVmax:最大标准化摄取值;LVI:淋巴血管侵犯;PNI:周围神经侵犯 -
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