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近年来,放疗设备和技术作为癌症治疗中非常有效的手段取得了飞速的发展,极大地提高了癌症患者的生存率,特别是调强放疗等多种技术的应用显著提高了治疗的针对性和有效性,然而放疗对正常组织产生的不良反应依旧无法避免[1]。特别是在腹盆腔肿瘤的放疗中,小肠和结直肠不可避免地受到严重损伤。在腹盆腔肿瘤放疗期间,60%~80%的患者出现腹痛、腹胀、急性腹泻、恶心和食欲不振等早期肠道损伤症状,影响患者的生活质量。更严重者可能需要中断或更改原始治疗计划,影响癌症的治疗效果[2]。
关于放射性肠损伤(radiation-induced intestinal injury, RIII)机制的研究已从靶细胞理论逐渐过渡到多因素影响阶段。除电离辐射(ionizing radiation, IR)直接引起的上皮损伤外,肠道微血管系统、神经系统、免疫系统、肠道微生物和内容物等多种因素相互作用,共同影响RIII[2]。例如,肠道神经系统作为体内的第二大神经系统,通过调节肠道蠕动、血液流动和肠细胞功能维持肠黏膜的生理状态,并在协调炎症发生和纤维增生过程中发挥重要作用[3]。此外,肠腔内寄居着大量的微生物,包括肠道菌群、肠道病毒群、真菌和寄生虫等。肠道微生物群的失调会影响营养物质的摄入吸收、能量代谢以及肠道免疫系统的发育[4-6]。目前,已有大量文献报道肠道微生物的存在和组成与RIII的发生相关[7-9]。我们着重阐述肠道微生物与RIII的相互作用关系,为RIII的治疗策略提供新的参考。
肠道微生物在放射性肠损伤及其治疗中的研究进展
Research progress of intestinal microbiota in radiation-induced intestinal injury and treatment
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摘要: 放射性肠损伤(RIII)是腹盆腔肿瘤放疗中常见的不良反应,严重影响着癌症患者的后续治疗计划和幸存者的生活质量,其患病人数已远超炎症性肠病,亟需有效的防治措施。已有大量研究结果证明,RIII与肠道微生物群失调相关,而粪菌移植(FMT)可以帮助患者恢复肠道微生物群的丰度和多样性,可以作为RIII治疗中的潜在方法。笔者着重综述了肠道微生物在RIII发生和发展过程中的作用及其机制,以及FMT在RIII治疗中的应用。Abstract: As the common side effect of radiotherapy for abdominal and pelvic tumors, radiation-induced intestinal injury (RIII) has seriously affected the subsequent therapy for cancer patients and the life quality of survivors. The number of patients with RIII are far exceeded those with inflammatory bowel disease, and there is an urgent need for effective treatment. Evidence supporting a pivotal role of the gut microbiota in the development of RIII has been growing. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has been confirmed to restore the abundance and diversity of patients' microbiota, and has become a potential method in the treatment of RIII. In this review, we put foward our current understanding of the role and mechanism of intestinal microbes in RIII and the application of FMT in the treatment of RIII.
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