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脊柱关节炎(spondyloarthritis,SpA)既往因患者血液中类风湿因子呈阴性也称为血清阴性脊柱关节炎,该病是一组具有相同的遗传及免疫学背景、相似的临床特征,并与人类白细胞抗原B27强相关的慢性炎性疾病。其中以强直性脊柱炎(ankylosing spondylitis,AS)最为典型,其他亚型还包括反应性关节炎、银屑病关节炎、炎性肠病关节炎、幼年SpA和未分化SpA。除幼年SpA以外周关节炎为首发症状外[1],其他亚型SpA多以中轴关节炎为首发症状。反应性关节炎又称瑞特综合征,主要表现为尿道炎、宫颈炎或腹泻后的髋关节炎[2];银屑病关节炎为在银屑病皮疹患者中发生的中轴或外周关节炎[3];炎性肠病关节炎是与肠道炎性疾病相关的SpA,可表现为外周寡关节炎、中轴关节炎和附着点炎[4];未分化SpA是一组症状谱和临床相的命名,其表现多样且不典型[5]。
SpA的炎性标志物主要包括C反应蛋白、血沉及血小板等;血中免疫球蛋白以免疫球蛋白A为主;血清碱性磷酸酶水平升高常提示病变广泛或有骨骼侵蚀出现,但并不代表病情活动;类风湿因子和抗核抗体为阴性。目前较为公认的SpA的易感基因为人类白细胞抗原B27[6];另有研究结果发现内质网氨肽酶[7]、噬细胞集落刺激因子[8]、白细胞介素6和TNF-α[9]也与SpA相关。
2009年国际脊柱关节炎协会(Assessment of Spondylo Arthritis International Society,ASAS)将SpA分为中轴型脊柱关节炎(axial spondyloarthritis,axSpA)和外周型SpA[10-11]。但两者之间多存在重叠,有研究报道axSpA患者在病程中也可出现外周型SpA的症状[12]。axSpA主要是中轴关节受侵,可表现为附着点炎、趾炎、银屑病、葡萄膜炎、炎性肠病和心脏受累等[13]。广义的中轴关节是指自颈椎至骨盆、髋部的大小关节;狭义的中轴关节仅包括颈椎、胸椎、腰椎和骶髂关节。axSpA包括AS及放射学阴性中轴型脊柱关节炎(non-radiographic axial spondyloarthropathy,nr-axSpA)。此分类方法主要是弥补1984年纽约标准[14]中对AS的定义,该标准中AS的确诊依据必须有X射线骶髂关节炎的证据,显然漏诊了那些还未出现关节骨质结构改变的早期AS患者,因为X射线只能识别晚期已出现关节结构改变者。将早期还未出现X射线阳性征象的AS定义为阴性只是因其X射线检查结果未出现关节破坏,这并不代表不存在关节炎症。
AS主要指发展为骶髂关节或脊柱结构性损伤并在X射线或CT等影像上有明确表现的患者。Nr-axSpA指诊断符合2009年ASAS对axSpA的分类标准[10],但不满足1984年修订的纽约标准[14]的患者。其中,纽约标准中AS的确诊需符合X射线影像学标准及1项以上的临床标准,X射线影像学标准为双侧≥Ⅱ级骶髂关节炎,单侧≥Ⅲ~Ⅳ级骶髂关节炎(0级为正常;Ⅰ级为可疑;Ⅱ级为轻度异常,可见局限性侵蚀、硬化,但关节间隙正常;Ⅲ级为明显异常,在Ⅱ级基础上出现关节间隙增宽或狭窄;Ⅳ级为关节完全强直[15]);ASAS标准中确诊AS需满足的影像学标准为MRI上表现为急性(活动性)骶髂关节炎。故nr-axSpA定义为在X射线上骶髂关节无明显异常,但在MRI上有骨髓水肿、骨炎、滑膜炎等急性骶髂关节炎的表现[16-17]。Nr-axSpA的提出主要是为了在放射学结构改变出现之前早期及时检出骶髂关节炎。目前,对nr-axSpA与放射学阳性的早期AS的关系存在较大争议,有研究者将早期AS归类为nr-axSpA[18],因为两者在临床表现、人类白细胞抗原B27阳性率及X射线阴性表现等方面相似,同时对人TNF-α抑制剂的疗效相近。但对此也有研究者认为nr-axSpA并不全是早期AS,因为其预后复杂,仅有一部分nr-axSpA患者后期可发展为AS[19]。早期AS病变主要发生在骶髂关节,尤其是骶髂关节下1/3处,临床表现并不明显,部分患者可出现厌食、疲倦和低热等非特异性全身表现,这些症状在幼年患者中更为明显[20]。AS常见的早期症状为交替性臀部疼痛,以一侧臀部或髋部疼痛为主,疼痛反复且双侧交替。X射线及CT检查对早期AS的检出并不灵敏,虽能较好地显示骨骼结构的改变,但对骨髓水肿和滑膜病变等显示不佳。因此,早期AS的影像诊断主要采用MRI,骨髓水肿合并骨侵蚀可作为AS早期诊断的MRI特异性表现。
中轴型脊柱关节炎MRI诊断新进展
New progress in the MRI diagnosis of axial spondyloarthritis
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摘要: 中轴型脊柱关节炎是威胁人类健康及生活质量的常见疾病,以往常因难于早期诊断而延误治疗以致患者脊柱、关节的不可逆性损害。当出现明显临床表现及阳性实验室指标和影像学表现时,病情已发展为晚期且出现不可逆的软骨结构性改变,此时已失去了最佳治疗时间。随着MRI及其各类新技术的发展,其不仅能精确检出早期脊柱关节炎,还能对病情进行定量分析。笔者就MRI新技术在早期脊柱关节炎诊断中的应用价值予以综述。Abstract: Axial spondyloarthritis is a common disease that threatens human health and quality of life. In the past, the treatment of axial spondyloarthritis was delayed due to the difficulty of early diagnosis, resulting in irreversible damage to the spine and joints. However, with the development and application of MRI and its new technologies in recent years, especially relaxation time map imaging, not only can early spondyloarthritis be accurately detected but its quantitative analysis can also be achieved. This article introduces the value of relaxation time map imaging in the diagnosis of early spondyloarthritis.
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