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质子束治疗(proton beam therapy,PBT)是一种先进的放疗方法。与常规的X射线束放疗相比,PBT引起的不良反应少,治疗效果更好[1]。目前,PBT已成为世界各国令人瞩目和优先发展的肿瘤放疗技术。质子束的医学应用是1946年由Wilson首次提出的[2]。1954年,Tobias等[3]在美国加利福尼亚州大学的劳伦斯伯克利国家实验室开展了世界上第一例PBT。此后,瑞典、前苏联等国家相继开展了PBT的临床研究。迄今为止,全世界已建立了63个癌症PBT中心,仅在美国就有27个,目前按照各国的发展计划,预计到2020年全球PBT中心将有望达到123个(图1~2),截至2018年初,接受PBT的患者已超过15万例(表1)。
图 1 2018年全球质子束治疗中心的数量及分布情况
Figure 1. The number and distribution of global proton beam therapy center of 2018
国家 第一次治疗
的年份(年)患者总
数(例)最后一次更新
数据的日期奥地利 2017 79 2017年12月 比利时 1991 21 1993年12月 加拿大 1995 204 2017年12月 捷克共和国 2012 2428 2017年12月 中国 2004 2725 2017年12月 英格兰 1989 3223 2017年12月 法国 1991 14 880 2017年12月 德国 1998 10 082 2018年 2 月 意大利 2002 1302 2017年12月 日本 1979 26 764 2017年12月 波兰 2011 276 2017年12月 俄罗斯 1967 7128 2017年12月 南非 1993 524 2017年12月 韩国 2007 3200 2017年12月 瑞典 1957 1911 2017年12月 瑞士 1984 8448 2017年12月 美国 1954 87 370 2017年12月 总计 170 565 表 1 截至2018年初全球接受质子束治疗患者的统计数据 (由粒子治疗合作组收集的数据)
Table 1. Statistics of proton beam therapy patients as of the beginning of 2018 (Data collected by PTCOG)
图 2 2000年至2020年全球已运行的质子束治疗中心数量
Figure 2. Number of proton beam therapy centers in operation in the world from 2000 to 2020
PBT系统由加速器、束流传输系统、旋转机架、治疗头、患者治疗专用部件和治疗床及治疗计划系统、影像系统、安全控制系统、质量系统等组成,其中加速器是一种用控制电磁的方法达到有效加速带电粒子的装置,将质子加速至接近光速水平,用于肿瘤治疗。PBT系统中常见的加速器有回旋加速器和同步加速器两种。这两种加速器的体积较大、成本高,是目前运营及筹建中最常用的加速器。随着新技术的发展, 将会开展更多激光加速器的研究并逐步应用于临床。激光加速器不仅可以产生高能质子,而且加速器部件将更加紧凑(质子磁体减少、机架体积减小等),同时改变了质子脉冲强度,通过笔形离子束扫描照射局部肿瘤区域。PBT中采用的蒙特卡洛剂量算法和强大的计划系统(如四维CT、运动器官门控、非门控治疗计划、鲁棒优化等)可提高放疗计划的精准性[4]。
质子束放疗在肿瘤中的研究进展
Overview of proton beam therapy in cancer treatment
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摘要: 肿瘤放疗的基本准则是提高肿瘤靶区的放射剂量,同时更好地保护肿瘤周围的正常组织器官。质子束治疗(PBT)是目前全球最先进的放疗技术之一,其能更好地体现这一准则。理论上,质子束以其特有的Bragg峰和优越的相对生物学效应,可给予肿瘤靶区最大剂量,同时降低肿瘤周围正常组织器官的接受剂量,实现对肿瘤靶区的“定向爆破”,提高肿瘤的局部治疗率和控制率,优于传统光子治疗。目前已应用于临床的研究包括黑色素瘤、肺癌、食管癌、乳腺癌、肝癌、前列腺癌和儿童恶性肿瘤等多种病变,但多为回顾性研究,而且建立和维护质子设备的成本巨大,因此用PBT治疗恶性肿瘤尚存争议。PBT面临的挑战是缺乏足够的临床证据和不明确的生物学效应等,克服这些不足可能会更好地促进PBT的快速发展。笔者详细论述了PBT的物理、生物学特性及其在肿瘤治疗中的研究和应用进展。Abstract: Tumor radiotherapy increases radiation dose in a tumor target area and improves protection for normal tissues and organs around tumors. Proton beam therapy (PBT) is the most advanced radiotherapy technology worldwide. In theory, the unique Bragg peak and superior relative biological effect of proton beam can deliver a maximum dose to tumor target areas, reduce the dose received by normal tissues and organs around tumors, achieve the "directional blasting" of a tumor target area, and improve the local treatment and control rates of tumors. This method has better features than traditional photon therapy. Currently, existing clinical studies focus on melanoma; lung, esophageal, breast, liver, and prostate cancers; childhood malignant tumor; and other diseases. However, most of these studies are retrospective clinical studies, and the cost of establishing and maintaining a proton equipment is immense. Thus, proton therapy for malignant tumors remains controversial. Future studies must address the insufficient clinical evidence of PBT, and biological effects are still under investigation. Overcoming these deficiencies is associated with the rapid development of PBT. This review discusses the physical and biological characteristics of PBT, and its application in cancer therapy.
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Key words:
- Proton beam therapy /
- Radiation therapy /
- Tumor
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表 1 截至2018年初全球接受质子束治疗患者的统计数据 (由粒子治疗合作组收集的数据)
Table 1. Statistics of proton beam therapy patients as of the beginning of 2018 (Data collected by PTCOG)
国家 第一次治疗
的年份(年)患者总
数(例)最后一次更新
数据的日期奥地利 2017 79 2017年12月 比利时 1991 21 1993年12月 加拿大 1995 204 2017年12月 捷克共和国 2012 2428 2017年12月 中国 2004 2725 2017年12月 英格兰 1989 3223 2017年12月 法国 1991 14 880 2017年12月 德国 1998 10 082 2018年 2 月 意大利 2002 1302 2017年12月 日本 1979 26 764 2017年12月 波兰 2011 276 2017年12月 俄罗斯 1967 7128 2017年12月 南非 1993 524 2017年12月 韩国 2007 3200 2017年12月 瑞典 1957 1911 2017年12月 瑞士 1984 8448 2017年12月 美国 1954 87 370 2017年12月 总计 170 565 -
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