[1] Liu J, Curtis EM, Cooper C, et al.  State of the art in osteoporosis risk assessment and treatment[J]. J Endocrinol Invest, 2019, 42(10): 1149-1164.   doi: 10.1007/s40618-019-01041-6
[2] Yu W, Ying QF, Guan WM, et al.  Impact of reference point selection on DXA-based measurement of forearm bone mineral density[J]. Arch Osteoporos, 2019, 14(1): 107-.   doi: 10.1007/s11657-019-0658-2
[3] 杨鸿兵, 白广深, 郭美灵, 等.  应用FRAX预测女性骨质疏松性骨折风险的对比研究[J]. 中国骨质疏松杂志, 2019, 25(6): 771-774.   doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-7108.2019.06.009
Yang HB, Bai GS, Guo ML, et al.  Comparative study of predicting osteoporotic fracture risk in women using FRAX[J]. Chin J Osteoporos, 2019, 25(6): 771-774.   doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-7108.2019.06.009
[4] 殷秀惠, 孙添明, 靳平燕, 等.  中老年女性腰椎、髋部、前臂骨密度和骨质疏松检出率的对比分析[J]. 中国骨质疏松杂志, 2015, 21(6): 712-714, 718.   doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-7108.2015.06.017
Yin XH, Sun TM, Jin PY, et al.  Comparative analysis of bone mineral density of the lumbar spine, hip, forearm and osteoporosis detection rate in middle-aged women[J]. Chin J Osteoporos, 2015, 21(6): 712-714, 718.   doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-7108.2015.06.017
[5] 孙添明, 靳平燕, 林明, 等.  中老年男性不同部位骨密度和骨质疏松检出率的对比分析[J]. 中国骨质疏松杂志, 2017, 23(2): 203-205.   doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-7108.2017.02.013
Sun TM, Jin PY, Lin M, et al.  Comparative analysis of bone mineral density at different sites and detection rate of osteoporosis in the middle-aged men[J]. Chin J Osteoporos, 2017, 23(2): 203-205.   doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-7108.2017.02.013
[6] Poiana C, Carsote M, Radoi V, et al.  Prevalent osteoporotic fractures in 622 obese and non- obese menopausal women[J]. J Med Life, 2015, 8(4): 462-466.
[7] Eftekhar-Sadat B, Ghavami M, Toopchizadeh V, et al.  Wrist bone mineral density utility in diagnosing hip osteoporosis in postmenopausal women[J]. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab, 2016, 7(5/6): 207-211.   doi: 10.1177/2042018816658164
[8] Abdelmohsen AM.  Comparison of central and peripheral bone mineral density measurements in postmenopausal women[J]. J Chiropr Med, 2017, 16(3): 199-203.   doi: 10.1016/j.jcm.2017.08.001
[9] Blake GM, Naeem M, Boutros M.  Comparison of effective dose to children and adults from dual X-ray absorptiometry examinations[J]. Bone, 2006, 38(6): 935-942.   doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2005.11.007
[10] Picard D, Brown JP, Rosenthall L, et al.  Ability of peripheral DXA measurement to diagnose osteoporosis as assessed by central DXA measurement[J]. J Clin Densitom, 2004, 7(1): 111-118.   doi: 10.1385/jcd:7:1:111
[11] Pouillès JM, Tremollières FA, Martinez S, et al.  Ability of peripheral DXA measurements of the forearm to predict low axial bone mineral density at menopause[J]. Osteoporos Int, 2001, 12(1): 71-76.   doi: 10.1007/s001980170160
[12] Oka R, Ohira M, Suzuki S, et al.  Fracture risk assessment tool (FRAX) and for the diagnosis of osteoporosis in Japanese middle-aged and elderly women: Chiba bone survey[J]. Endocr J, 2018, 65(2): 193-202.   doi: 10.1507/endocrj.EJ17-0331
[13] Ilic Stojanovic O, Vuceljic M, Lazovic M, et al.  Bone mineral density at different sites and vertebral fractures in Serbian postmenopausal women[J]. Climacteric, 2017, 20(1): 37-43.   doi: 10.1080/13697137.2016.1253054
[14] Hanusch BC, Tuck SP, McNally RJQ, et al.  Does regional loss of bone density explain low trauma distal forearm fractures in men (the Mr F study)?[J]. Osteoporos Int, 2017, 28(10): 2877-2886.   doi: 10.1007/s00198-017-4122-0
[15] 梁俊刚, 李宝, 张智海, 等.  应用FRAX评估中老年男性人群骨折风险的多中心研究[J]. 中国骨质疏松杂志, 2018, 24(11): 1421-1425, 1472.   doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-7108.2018.11.006
Liang JG, Li B, Zhang ZH, et al.  A multicenter study on the assessment of fracture risk in middle-aged and elderly men with FRAX[J]. Chin J Osteoporos, 2018, 24(11): 1421-1425, 1472.   doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-7108.2018.11.006
[16] Hauger AV, Bergland A, Holvik K, et al.  Osteoporosis and osteopenia in the distal forearm predict all-cause mortality independent of grip strength: 22-year follow-up in the population-based Tromsø Study[J]. Osteoporos Int, 2018, 29(11): 2447-2456.   doi: 10.1007/s00198-018-4653-z
[17] Ziegelasch M, Forslind K, Skogh T, et al.  Decrease in bone mineral density during three months after diagnosis of early rheumatoid arthritis measured by digital X-ray radiogrammetry predicts radiographic joint damage after one year[J]. Arthritis Res Ther, 2017, 19(1): 195-.   doi: 10.1186/s13075-017-1403-0
[18] 王昱, 邓雪蓉, 耿研, 等.  女性类风湿关节炎患者前臂骨密度测定在诊断骨质疏松中的应用价值及影响因素分析[J]. 中国骨质疏松杂志, 2018, 24(1): 52-58.   doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-7108.2018.01.013
Wang Y, Deng XR, Gen Y, et al.  Value of forearm bone mineral density in screening osteoporosis in female patients with rheumatoid arthritis[J]. Chin J Osteoporos, 2018, 24(1): 52-58.   doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-7108.2018.01.013
[19] Güler-Yüksel M, Allaart CF, Goekoop-Ruiterman YP, et al.  Changes in hand and generalised bone mineral density in patients with recent-onset rheumatoid arthritis[J]. Ann Rheum Dis, 2009, 68(3): 330-336.   doi: 10.1136/ard.2007.086348
[20] Peng JH, Gong Y, Zhang YP, et al.  Bone mineral density in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and 4-year follow-up results[J]. J Clin Rheumatol, 2016, 22(2): 71-74.   doi: 10.1097/rhu.0000000000000359
[21]

Kilic G, Ozgocmen S. Hand bone mass in rheumatoid arthritis: a review of the literature[J/OL]. World J Orthop, 2015, 6(1): 106−116[2020-03-31]. https://www.wjgnet.com/2218-5836/full/v6/i1/106.htm. DOI: 10.5312/wjo.v6.i1.106.
[22] Macfarlane DP, Yu N, Leese GP.  Asymptomatic and mild primary hyperparathyroidism[J]. Ann Endocrinol (Paris), 2015, 76(2): 120-127.   doi: 10.1016/j.ando.2015.03.001
[23] Bilezikian JP, Brandi ML, Eastell R, et al.  Guidelines for the management of asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism: summary statement from the Fourth International Workshop[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2014, 99(10): 3561-3569.   doi: 10.1210/jc.2014-1413
[24] Castellano E, Attanasio R, Gianotti L, et al.  Forearm DXA increases the rate of patients with asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism meeting surgical criteria[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2016, 101(7): 2728-2732.   doi: 10.1210/jc.2016-1513
[25] Wood K, Dhital S, Chen H, et al.  What is the utility of distal forearm DXA in primary hyperparathyroidism?[J]. Oncologist, 2012, 17(3): 322-325.   doi: 10.1634/theoncologist.2011-0285
[26] Zanchetta MB, Longobardi V, Bai JC.  Bone and celiac disease[J]. Curr Osteoporos Rep, 2016, 14(2): 43-48.   doi: 10.1007/s11914-016-0304-5
[27] Choudhary G, Gupta RK, Beniwal J.  Bone mineral density in celiac disease[J]. Indian J Pediatr, 2017, 84(5): 344-348.   doi: 10.1007/s12098-016-2273-1
[28] Walker MD, Williams J, Lewis SK, et al.  Measurement of forearm bone density by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry increases the prevalence of osteoporosis in men with celiac disease[J]. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2020, 18(1): 99-106.   doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2019.03.049
[29] 张智海, 刘忠厚, 李娜, 等.  中国人骨质疏松症诊断标准专家共识(第三稿·2014版)[J]. 中国骨质疏松杂志, 2014, 20(9): 1007-1010.   doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-7108.2014.09.001
Zhang ZH, Liu ZH, Li N, et al.  Expert consensus on the diagnosis of osteoporosis in Chinese Population[J]. Chin J Osteoporos, 2014, 20(9): 1007-1010.   doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-7108.2014.09.001
[30] Blake GM, Chinn DJ, Steel SA, et al.  A list of device-specific thresholds for the clinical interpretation of peripheral X-ray absorptiometry examinations[J]. Osteoporos Int, 2005, 16(12): 2149-2156.   doi: 10.1007/s00198-005-2018-x
[31] Clowes JA, Peel NFA, Eastell R.  Device-specific thresholds to diagnose osteoporosis at the proximal femur: an approach to interpreting peripheral bone measurements in clinical practice[J]. Osteoporos Int, 2006, 17(9): 1293-1302.   doi: 10.1007/s00198-006-0122-1
[32] Hans DB, Shepherd JA, Schwartz EN, et al.  Peripheral dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in the management of osteoporosis: the 2007 ISCD official positions[J]. J Clin Densitom, 2008, 11(1): 188-206.   doi: 10.1016/j.jocd.2007.12.012