[1] Kerr JF, Wyllie AH, Currie AR. Apoptosis:a basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tissue kinetics[J]. Br J Cancer, 1972, 26(4):239-257.
[2] Green DR, Kroemer G. The pathophysiology of mitochondrial cell death[J]. Science, 2004, 305(5684):626-629.  doi: 10.1126/science.1099320
[3] Levine B, Kroemer G. Autophagy in the pathogenesis of disease[J]. Cell, 2008, 132(1):27-42.
[4] Hakumäki JM, Liimatainen T. Molecular imaging of apoptosis in cancer[J]. Eur J Radiol, 2005, 56(2):143-153.
[5] Lahorte CM, Vanderheyden JL, Steinmetz N, et al. Apoptosis-detecting radioligands:current state of the art and future perspectives[J]. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 2004, 31(6):887-919.  doi: 10.1007/s00259-004-1555-4
[6] Lee S, Xie J, Chen X. Peptides and peptide hormones for molecular imaging and disease diagnosis[J]. Chem Rev, 2010, 110(5):3087-3111.  doi: 10.1021/cr900361p
[7] Gerke V, Moss SE. Annexins:from structure to function[J]. Physiol Rev, 2002, 82(2):331-371.
[8] Oling F, Bergsma-Schutter W, Brisson A. Trimers, dimers of trimers, and trimers of trimers are common building blocks of annexin a5 two-dimensional crystals[J]. J Struct Biol, 2001, 133(1):55-63.  doi: 10.1006/jsbi.2000.4337
[9] Kemerink GJ, Boersma HH, Thimister PW, et al. Biodistribution and dosimetry of 99mTc-BTAP-annexin-V in humans[J]. Eur J Nucl Med, 2001, 28(9):1373-1378.  doi: 10.1007/s002590100578
[10] Blankenberg FG, Katsikis PD, Tait JF, et al. In vivo detection and imaging of phosphatidylserine expression during programmed cell death[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1998, 95(11):6349-6354.  doi: 10.1073/pnas.95.11.6349
[11] Kartachova MS, Valdés Olmos RA, Haas RL, et al. 99mTc-HYNIC-rh-annexin-V scintigraphy:visual and quantitative evaluation of early treatment-induced apoptosis to predict treatment outcome[J]. Nucl Med Commun, 2008, 29(1):39-44.
[12] Yang DJ, Azhdarinia A, Wu P, et al. In vivo and in vitro measurement of apoptosis in breast cancer cells using 99mTc-EC-annexin V[J]. Cancer Biother Radiopharm, 2001, 16(1):73-83.  doi: 10.1089/108497801750096087
[13] Lu C, Jiang Q, Hu M, et al. Preliminary biological evaluation of novel 99mTc-Cys-annexin A5 as a apoptosis imaging agent[J]. Molecules, 2013, 18(6):6908-6918.  doi: 10.3390/molecules18066908
[14] Bauwens M, De Saint-Hubert M, Devos E, et al. Site-specific 68Ga-labeled Annexin A5 as a PET imaging agent for apoptosis[J]. Nucl Med Biol, 2011, 38(3):381-392.
[15]

Benali K, Louedec L, Azzouna RB, et al. Preclinical validation of 99mTc-annexin A5-128 in experimental autoimmune myocarditis and infective endocarditis: comparison with 99mTc-HYNIC-annexin A5[J/OL]. Mol Imaging, 2014, 13: 1-10[2015-07-09].http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/?term=25431156.

[16] Li X, Link JM, Stekhova S, et al. Site-specific labeling of annexin V with F-18 for apoptosis imaging[J]. Bioconjug Chem, 2008, 19(8):1684-1688.  doi: 10.1021/bc800164d
[17] Yagle KJ, Eary JF, Tait JF, et al. Evaluation of 18F-annexin V as a PET imaging agent in an animal model of apoptosis[J]. J Nucl Med, 2005, 46(4):658-666.
[18] Murakami Y, Takamatsu H, Taki J, et al. 18F-labelled annexin V:a PET tracer for apoptosis imaging[J]. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 2004, 31(4):469-474.  doi: 10.1007/s00259-003-1378-8
[19] Wängler C, Wängler B, Lehner S, et al. A universally applicable 68Ga-labeling technique for proteins[J]. J Nucl Med, 2011, 52(4):586-591.
[20] Bauwens M, De Saint-Hubert M, Devos E, et al. Site-specific 68Ga-labeled Annexin A5 as a PET imaging agent for apoptosis[J]. Nucl Med Biol, 2011, 38(3):381-392.
[21] Wang F, Fang W, Zhang MR, et al. Evaluation of chemotherapy response in VX2 rabbit lung cancer with 18F-labeled C2A domain of synaptotagmin I[J]. J Nucl Med, 2011, 52(4):592-599.
[22]

Poulsen RH, Rasmussen JT, Ejlersen JA, et al. Pharmacokinetics of the phosphatidylserine tracers 99mTc-lactadherin and 99mTc-annexin V in pigs[J/OL]. EJNMMI Res, 2013, 3(1): 15[2015-07-09].http://www. ejnmmires. com/content/3/1/15.

[23] Song S, Xiong C, Lu W, et al. Apoptosis imaging probe predicts early chemotherapy response in preclinical models:A comparative study with 18F-FDG PET[J]. J Nucl Med, 2013, 54(1):104-110.
[24] Marconescu A, Thorpe PE. Coincident exposure of phosphatidylethanolamine and anionic phospholipids on the surface of irradiated cells[J]. Biochim Biophys Acta, 2008, 1778(10):2217-2224.  doi: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2008.05.006
[25] Wang K, Purushotham S, Lee JY, et al. In vivo imaging of tumor apoptosis using histone H1-targeting peptide[J]. J Control Release, 2010, 148(3):283-291.  doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.09.010
[26] Koulov AV, Stucker KA, Lakshmi C, et al. Detection of apoptotic cells using a synthetic fluorescent sensor for membrane surfaces that contain phosphatidylserine[J]. Cell Death Differ, 2003, 10(12):1357-1359.  doi: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401315
[27] Wyffels L, Gray BD, Barber C, et al. Synthesis and preliminary evaluation of radiolabeled bis(Zinc(II)-dipicolylamine) coordination complexes as cell death imaging agents[J]. Bioorg Med Chem, 2011, 19(11):3425-3433.  doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.04.029
[28] Oltmanns D, Zitzmann-Kolbe S, Mueller A, et al. Zn(II)-bis(cyclen)complexes and the imaging of apoptosis/necrosis[J]. Bioconjug Chem, 2011, 22(12):2611-2624.  doi: 10.1021/bc200457b
[29] Grimberg H, Levin G, Shirvan A, et al. Monitoring of tumor response to chemotherapy in vivo by a novel small-molecule detector of apoptosis[J]. Apoptosis, 2009, 14(3):257-267.  doi: 10.1007/s10495-008-0293-7
[30] Reshef A, Shirvan A, Waterhouse RN, et al. Molecular imaging of neurovascular cell death in experimental cerebral stroke by PET[J]. J Nucl Med, 2008, 49(9):1520-1528.  doi: 10.2967/jnumed.107.043919
[31] Höglund J, Shirvan A, Antoni G, et al. 18F-ML-10, a PET tracer for apoptosis:first human study[J]. J Nucl Med, 2011, 52(5):720-725.  doi: 10.2967/jnumed.110.081786
[32] Bleackley RC, Heibein JA. Enzymatic control of apoptosis[J]. Nat Prod Rep, 2001, 18(4):431-440.  doi: 10.1039/a909080k
[33] Challapalli A, Kenny LM, Hallett WA, et al. 18F-ICMT-11, a caspase-3-specific PET tracer for apoptosis:biodistribution and radiation dosimetry[J]. J Nucl Med, 2013, 54(9):1551-1556.  doi: 10.2967/jnumed.112.118760
[34]

Zhou D, Chu W, Rothfuss J, et al. Synthesis, radiolabeling, and in vivo evaluation of an 18F-labeled isatin analog for imaging caspase-3 activation in apoptosis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 2006, 16(19): 5041-5046.

[35] Wang F, Wang Z, Hida N, et al. A cyclic HSV1-TK reporter for real-time PET imaging of apoptosis[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2014, 111(14):5165-5170.  doi: 10.1073/pnas.1321374111
[36]

Yaghoubi SS, Gambhir SS. PET imaging of herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase(HSV1-tk) or mutant HSV1-sr39tk reporter gene expression in mice and humans using[18F]FHBG. Nat Protoc, 2006, 1(6): 3069-3075.

[37] Banerji U. Heat shock protein 90 as a drug target:Some Like It Hot[J]. Clin Cancer Res, 2009, 15(1):9-14.  doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-0132
[38] Van De Wiele C, Lahorte C, Vermeersch H, et al. Quantitative tumor apoptosis imaging using technetium-99m-HYNIC annexin V single photon emission computed tomography[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2003, 21(18):3483-3487.  doi: 10.1200/JCO.2003.12.096
[39] 兰晓莉, 张永学, 何勇.凋亡显像剂99mTc-HYNIC-annexin V对肿瘤模型化疗疗效早期评价的可行性[J].中华肿瘤杂志, 2008, 30(10):737-740.  doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0253-3766.2008.10.005
[40] Qin H, Zhang MR, Xie L, et al. PET imaging of apoptosis in tumor-bearing mice and rabbits after paclitaxel treatment with 18F- Labeled recombinant human His10-annexin V[J]. Am J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 2015, 5(1):27-37.
[41] Nguyen QD, Lavdas I, Gubbins J, et al. Temporal and spatial evolution of therapy-induced tumor apoptosis detected by caspase-3-selective molecular imaging[J]. Clin Cancer Res, 2013, 19(14):3914-3924.  doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-12-3814
[42] Zhang Y, Stevenson GD, Barber C, et al. Imaging of rat cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury using 99mTc-labeled duramycin[J]. Nucl Med Biol, 2013, 40(1):80-88.
[43] Thimister PW, Hofstra L, Liem IH, et al. In vivo detection of cell death in the area at risk in acute myocardial infarction[J]. J Nucl Med, 2003, 44(3):391-396.
[44]

Lehner S, Todica A, Vanchev Y, et al. In vivo monitoring of parathyroid hormone treatment after myocardial infarction in mice with[68Ga] annexin A5 and[18F] fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography[J/OL]. Mol Imaging, 2014, 13[2015-07-09]. http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/?term=25249170.

[45] 黄代娟, 兰晓莉, 张永学. 99mTc-HYNIC-Annexin V动脉粥样硬化斑块显像的实验研究[J].中华核医学杂志, 2008, 28(3):206-208.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.2095-2848.2008.03.020
[46] D'Arceuil H, Rhine W, De Crespigny A, et al. 99mTc annexin V imaging of neonatal hypoxic brain injury[J]. Stroke, 2000, 31(11):2692-2700.
[47] 朱羽苑, 黄钢.分子核医学显像展望:多参数分子显像时代[J].国际放射医学核医学杂志, 2010, 34(3):129-134.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4114.2010.03.001
[48] Watanabe M, Hitomi M, Van Der Wee K, et al. The pros and cons of apoptosis assays for use in the study of cells, tissues, and organs[J]. Microsc Microanal, 2002, 8(5):375-391.  doi: 10.1017/S1431927602010346
[49] Sugiura G, Kühn H, Sauter M, et al. Radiolabeling strategies for tumor-targeting proteinaceous drugs[J]. Molecules, 2014, 19(2):2135-2165.  doi: 10.3390/molecules19022135