[1] Torre LA, Siegel RL, Ward EM, et al.  Global cancer incidence and mortality rates and trends − an update[J]. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 2016, 25(1): 16-27.   doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-15-0578
[2] 郑荣寿, 孙可欣, 张思维, 等.  2015年中国恶性肿瘤流行情况分析[J]. 中华肿瘤杂志, 2019, 41(1): 19-28.   doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-3766.2019.01.008
Zheng RS, Sun KX, Zhang SW, et al.  Report of cancer epidemiology in China, 2015[J]. Chin J Oncol, 2019, 41(1): 19-28.   doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-3766.2019.01.008
[3] Ristau BT, O'Keefe DS, Bacich DJ.  The prostate-specific membrane antigen: lessons and current clinical implications from 20 years of research[J]. Urol Oncol, 2014, 32(3): 272-279.   doi: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2013.09.003
[4] Perner S, Hofer MD, Kim R, et al.  Prostate-specific membrane antigen expression as a predictor of prostate cancer progression[J]. Hum Pathol, 2007, 38(5): 696-701.   doi: 10.1016/j.humpath.2006.11.012
[5]

Bravaccini S, Puccetti M, Bocchini M, et al. PSMA expression: a potential ally for the pathologist in prostate cancer diagnosis[J/OL]. Sci Rep, 2018, 8(1): 4254[2019-08-26]. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-22594-1. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22594-1.

[6] Uprimny C, Kroiss AS, Decristoforo C, et al.  68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT in primary staging of prostate cancer: PSA and Gleason score predict the intensity of tracer accumulation in the primary tumour[J]. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 2017, 44(6): 941-949.   doi: 10.1007/s00259-017-3631-6
[7] Ghosh A, Heston WD.  Tumor target prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) and its regulation in prostate cancer[J]. J Cell Biochem, 2004, 91(3): 528-539.   doi: 10.1002/jcb.10661
[8] Bühler P, Wolf P, Elsässer-Beile U.  Targeting the prostate-specific membrane antigen for prostate cancer therapy[J]. Immunotherapy, 2009, 1(3): 471-481.   doi: 10.2217/imt.09.17
[9] Manyak MJ.  Indium-111 capromab pendetide in the management of recurrent prostate cancer[J]. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther, 2008, 8(2): 175-181.   doi: 10.1586/14737140.8.2.175
[10] Rieter WJ, Keane TE, Ahlman MA, et al.  Diagnostic performance of 111In capromab pendetide SPECT/CT in localized and metastatic prostate cancer[J]. Clin Nucl Med, 2011, 36(10): 872-878.   doi: 10.1097/RLU.0b013e318219ae29
[11] Gong MC, Chang SS, Sadelain M, et al.  Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-specific monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of prostate and other cancers[J]. Cancer Metastasis Rev, 1999, 18(4): 483-490.   doi: 10.1023/a:1006308826967
[12] Seo Y, Aparici CM, Cooperberg MR, et al.  In vivo tumor grading of prostate cancer using quantitative 111In-capromab pendetide SPECT/CT[J]. J Nucl Med, 2010, 51(1): 31-36.   doi: 10.2967/jnumed.109.067108
[13] Afshar-Oromieh A, Holland-Letz T, Giesel FL, et al.  Erratum to: diagnostic performance of 68Ga-PSMA-11 (HBED-CC) PET/CT in patients with recurrent prostate cancer: evaluation in 1007 patients[J]. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 2017, 44(10): 1781-.   doi: 10.1007/s00259-017-3763-8
[14] Rauscher I, Maurer T, Beer AJ, et al.  Value of 68Ga-PSMA HBED-CC PET for the assessment of lymph node metastases in prostate cancer patients with biochemical recurrence: comparison with histopathology after salvage lymphadenectomy[J]. J Nucl Med, 2016, 57(11): 1713-1719.   doi: 10.2967/jnumed.116.173492
[15]

Lenzo NP, Meyrick D, Turner JH. Review of Gallium-68 PSMA PET/CT imaging in the management of prostate cancer[J/OL]. Diagnostics (Basel), 2018, 8(1): 16[2019-08-26]. https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/8/1/16. DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics8010016.

[16] Clerc R, Doll S, Riou LM, et al.  Sympathetic cardiac function in early sepsis: noninvasive evaluation with [123I]-meta-iodobenzylguanidine (123I-MIBG) in vivo SPECT imaging[J]. J Nucl Cardiol, 2018, 25(2): 483-491.   doi: 10.1007/s12350-016-0619-8
[17] Simmons WW, Freeman MR, Grima EA, et al.  Abnormalities of cardiac sympathetic function in pacing-induced heart failure as assessed by 123I metaiodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy[J]. Circulation, 1994, 89(6): 2843-2851.   doi: 10.1161/01.cir.89.6.2843
[18] Mix M, Reichel K, Stoykow C, et al.  Performance of 111In-labelled PSMA ligand in patients with nodal metastatic prostate cancer: correlation between tracer uptake and histopathology from lymphadenectomy[J]. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 2018, 45(12): 2062-2070.   doi: 10.1007/s00259-018-4094-0
[19]

Schottelius M, Wirtz M, Eiber M, et al. [111In]PSMA-I&T: expanding the spectrum of PSMA-I&T applications towards SPECT and radioguided surgery[J/OL]. EJNMMI RES, 2015, 5(1): 68[2019-08-26]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4659791. DOI: 10.1186/s13550-015-0147-6.

[20] Tsukamoto T, Wozniak KM, Slusher BS.  Progress in the discovery and development of glutamate carboxypeptidase Ⅱ inhibitors[J]. Drug Discov Today, 2007, 12(17-18): 767-776.   doi: 10.1016/j.drudis.2007.07.010
[21] Nedrow-Byers JR, Jabbes M, Jewett C, et al.  A phosphoramidate-based prostate-specific membrane antigen-targeted SPECT agent[J]. Prostate, 2012, 72(8): 904-912.   doi: 10.1002/pros.21493
[22] Vallabhajosula S, Nikolopoulou A, Babich JW, et al.  99mTc-labeled small-molecule inhibitors of prostate-specific membrane antigen: pharmacokinetics and biodistribution studies in healthy subjects and patients with metastatic prostate cancer[J]. J Nucl Med, 2014, 55(11): 1791-1798.   doi: 10.2967/jnumed.114.140426
[23] Goffin KE, Joniau S, Tenke P, et al.  Phase 2 study of 99mTc-trofolastat SPECT/CT to identify and localize prostate cancer in intermediate- and high-risk patients undergoing radical prostatectomy and extended pelvic LN dissection[J]. J Nucl Med, 2017, 58(9): 1408-1413.   doi: 10.2967/jnumed.116.187807
[24] Reinfelder J, Kuwert T, Beck M, et al.  First experience with SPECT/CT using a 99mTc-labeled inhibitor for prostate-specific membrane antigen in patients with biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer[J]. Clin Nucl Med, 2017, 42(1): 26-33.   doi: 10.1097/RLU.0000000000001433
[25] Schmidkonz C, Hollweg C, Beck M, et al.  99mTc-MIP-1404-SPECT/CT for the detection of PSMA-positive lesions in 225 patients with biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer[J]. Prostate, 2018, 78(1): 54-63.   doi: 10.1002/pros.23444
[26] Schmidkonz C, Cordes M, Beck M, et al.  SPECT/CT with the PSMA ligand 99mTc-MIP-1404 for whole-body primary staging of patients with prostate cancer[J]. Clin Nucl Med, 2018, 43(4): 225-231.   doi: 10.1097/RLU.0000000000001991
[27] Schmidkonz C, Cordes M, Beck M, et al.  Assessment of treatment response by 99mTc-MIP-1404 SPECT/CT: a pilot study in patients with metastatic prostate cancer[J]. Clin Nucl Med, 2018, 43(8): e250-e258.   doi: 10.1097/RLU.0000000000002162
[28] Kularatne SA, Zhou ZG, Yang J, et al.  Design, synthesis, and preclinical evaluation of prostate-specific membrane antigen targeted 99mTc-radioimaging agents[J]. Mol Pharm, 2009, 6(3): 790-800.   doi: 10.1021/mp9000712
[29] Santos-Cuevas C, Davanzo J, Ferro-Flores G, et al.  99mTc-labeled PSMA inhibitor: biokinetics and radiation dosimetry in healthy subjects and imaging of prostate cancer tumors in patients[J]. Nucl Med Biol, 2017, 52: 1-6.   doi: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2017.05.005
[30] Robu S, Schottelius M, Eiber M, et al.  Preclinical evaluation and first patient application of 99mTc-PSMA-I&S for SPECT imaging and radioguided surgery in prostate cancer[J]. J Nucl Med, 2017, 58(2): 235-242.   doi: 10.2967/jnumed.116.178939
[31] Hillier SM, Maresca KP, Femia FJ, et al.  Preclinical evaluation of novel glutamate-urea-lysine analogues that target prostate-specific membrane antigen as molecular imaging pharmaceuticals for prostate cancer[J]. Cancer Res, 2009, 69(17): 6932-6940.   doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-1682
[32] Foss CA, Mease RC, Fan H, et al.  Radiolabeled small-molecule ligands for prostate-specific membrane antigen: in vivo imaging in experimental models of prostate cancer[J]. Clin Cancer Res, 2005, 11(11): 4022-4028.   doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-04-2690
[33] Zechmann CM, Afshar-Oromieh A, Armor T, et al.  Radiation dosimetry and first therapy results with a 124I/131I-labeled small molecule (MIP-1095) targeting PSMA for prostate cancer therapy[J]. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 2014, 41(7): 1280-1292.   doi: 10.1007/s00259-014-2713-y
[34] Maurer T, Weirich G, Schottelius M, et al.  Prostate-specific membrane antigen-radioguided surgery for metastatic lymph nodes in prostate cancer[J]. Eur Urol, 2015, 68(3): 530-534.   doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2015.04.034
[35] Hao GY, Kumar A, Dobin T, et al.  A multivalent approach of imaging probe design to overcome an endogenous anion binding competition for noninvasive assessment of prostate specific membrane antigen[J]. Mol Pharm, 2013, 10(8): 2975-2985.   doi: 10.1021/mp4000844
[36] Ganguly T, Dannoon S, Hopkins MR, et al.  A high-affinity [18F]-labeled phosphoramidate peptidomimetic PSMA-targeted inhibitor for PET imaging of prostate cancer[J]. Nucl Med Biol, 2015, 42(10): 780-787.   doi: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2015.06.003
[37] Jaffe IA.  Adverse effects profile of sulfhydryl compounds in man[J]. Am J Med, 1986, 80(3): 471-476.   doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(86)90722-9
[38] Eder M, Schäfer M, Bauder-Wüst U, et al.  68Ga-complex lipophilicity and the targeting property of a urea-based PSMA inhibitor for PET imaging[J]. Bioconjug Chem, 2012, 23(4): 688-697.   doi: 10.1021/bc200279b
[39] Hillier SM, Maresca KP, Lu GL, et al.  99mTc-labeled small-molecule inhibitors of prostate-specific membrane antigen for molecular imaging of prostate cancer[J]. J Nucl Med, 2013, 54(8): 1369-1376.   doi: 10.2967/jnumed.112.116624
[40] Maurer T, Robu S, Schottelius M, et al.  99mTechnetium-based prostate-specific membrane antigen–radioguided surgery in recurrent prostate cancer[J]. Eur Urol, 2019, 75(4): 659-666.   doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2018.03.013
[41] Maresca KP, Hillier SM, Femia FJ, et al.  A series of halogenated heterodimeric inhibitors of prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) as radiolabeled probes for targeting prostate cancer[J]. J Med Chem, 2009, 52(2): 347-357.   doi: 10.1021/jm800994j
[42] Barrett JA, Coleman RE, Goldsmith SJ, et al.  First-in-man evaluation of 2 high-affinity PSMA-avid small molecules for imaging prostate cancer[J]. J Nucl Med, 2013, 54(3): 380-387.   doi: 10.2967/jnumed.112.111203
[43] Vallabhajosula S, Goldsmith SJ, Hamacher KA, et al.  Prediction of myelotoxicity based on bone marrow radiation-absorbed dose: radioimmunotherapy studies using 90Y- and 177Lu-labeled J591 antibodies specific for prostate-specific membrane antigen[J]. J Nucl Med, 2005, 46(5): 850-858.
[44] Hillier S, Rubino K, Maresca K, et al.  [131I]MIP-1466, a small molecule prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) inhibitor for targeted radiotherapy of prostate cancer (PCa)[J]. J Nucl Med, 2012, 53(Suppl 1): S170-.
[45] Hillier S, Merkin R, Maresca K, et al.  [131I]MIP-1375, a small molecule prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) inhibitor for targeted therapy of prostate cancer (PCa)[J]. J Nucl Med, 2011, 52(Suppl 1): S361-.
[46]

Ahmadzadehfar H, Rahbar K, Kürpig S, et al. Early side effects and first results of radioligand therapy with 177Lu-DKFZ-617 PSMA of castrate-resistant metastatic prostate cancer: a two-centre study[J/OL]. EJNMMI Res, 2015, 5(1): 114[2019-08-26]. https://ejnmmires.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s13550-015-0114-2. DOI: 10.1186/s13550-015-0114-2.

[47] Delker A, Fendler WP, Kratochwil C, et al.  Dosimetry for 177Lu-DKFZ-PSMA-617: a new radiopharmaceutical for the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer[J]. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 2016, 43(1): 42-51.   doi: 10.1007/s00259-015-3174-7
[48] Kratochwil C, Giesel FL, Stefanova M, et al.  PSMA-targeted radionuclide therapy of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer with 177Lu-labeled PSMA-617[J]. J Nucl Med, 2016, 57(8): 1170-1176.   doi: 10.2967/jnumed.115.171397
[49]

Ahmadzadehfar H, Eppard E, Küerpig S, et al. Therapeutic response and side effects of repeated radioligand therapy with 177Lu-PSMA-DKFZ-617 of castrate-resistant metastatic prostate cancer[J/OL]. Oncotarget, 2016, 7(11): 12477-12488[2019-08-26]. https://www.oncotarget.com/article/7245/text. DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7245.

[50] Kabasakal L, AbuQbeitah M, Aygün A, et al.  Pre-therapeutic dosimetry of normal organs and tissues of 177Lu-PSMA-617 prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) inhibitor in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer[J]. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 2015, 42(13): 1976-1983.   doi: 10.1007/s00259-015-3125-3
[51] Baum RP, Kulkarni HR, Schuchardt C, et al.  177Lu-labeled prostate-specific membrane antigen radioligand therapy of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: safety and efficacy[J]. J Nucl Med, 2016, 57(7): 1006-1013.   doi: 10.2967/jnumed.115.168443
[52] Rahbar K, Ahmadzadehfar H, Kratochwil C, et al.  German multicenter study investigating 177Lu-PSMA-617 radioligand therapy in advanced prostate cancer patients[J]. J Nucl Med, 2017, 58(1): 85-90.   doi: 10.2967/jnumed.116.183194
[53] Kulkarni HR, Singh A, Schuchardt C, et al.  PSMA-based radioligand therapy for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: the bad berka experience since 2013[J]. J Nucl Med, 2016, 57(Suppl 3): S97-104.   doi: 10.2967/jnumed.115.170167
[54] Rauscher I, Düwel C, Wirtz M, et al.  Value of 111In-prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-radioguided surgery for salvage lymphadenectomy in recurrent prostate cancer: correlation with histopathology and clinical follow-up[J]. BJU Int, 2017, 120(1): 40-47.   doi: 10.1111/bju.13713
[55] Al-Ahmadie HA, Olgac S, Gregor PD, et al.  Expression of prostate-specific membrane antigen in renal cortical tumors[J]. Mod Pathol., 2008, 21(6): 727-732.   doi: 10.1038/modpathol.2008.42
[56] Moore M, Panjwani S, Mathew R, et al.  Well-differentiated thyroid cancer neovasculature expresses prostate-specific membrane antigen-a possible novel therapeutic target[J]. Endocr Pathol., 2017, 28(4): 339-344.   doi: 10.1007/s12022-017-9500-9
[57] Chang SS, Reuter VE, Heston WD, et al.  Metastatic renal cell carcinoma neovasculature expresses prostate-specific membrane antigen[J]. Urology, 2001, 57(4): 801-805.   doi: 10.1016/s0090-4295(00)01094-3
[58] Bostwick DG, Pacelli A, Blute M, et al.  Prostate specific membrane antigen expression in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and adenocarcinoma: a study of 184 cases[J]. Cancer, 1998, 82(11): 2256-2261.   doi: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19980601)82:11<2256::aid-cncr22>3.0.co;2-s