Abstract: This article elaborates on the therapeutic gain effects of low-dose radiation (LDR) on tumor treatment from four perspectives: mechanisms inducing adaptive responses and causing high radiosensitivity, new theories such as regulating gut microbiota and combining with nanomaterials, effects on inhibiting tumor cell metastasis and recurrence, and clinical applications of combined immunotherapy. On this basis, the article further explores the potential of LDR to enhance the efficacy of radiotherapy and chemotherapy and its impact on tumor metastasis and recurrence. The authors believe that LDR combined with gut microbiota, nanomaterials, and immunotherapy can enhance antitumor effects to a certain extent, providing new ideas for cancer treatment.